WBC's

Question 1

3 types of white blood cell

Answer 1

monocytes
lymphocytes
granulocytes

Question 2

3 types of granular leucocytes (white blood cell)

Answer 2

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

Question 3

are monocytes granulated or non-granulated

Answer 3

non

Question 4

role of phagocytosis (3)

Answer 4

• protection from pathogens
• disposal of damaged cells
• presentation of antigen

Question 5

3 types of Phagocytes

Answer 5

macrophages
dendritic
neutrophils

Question 6

why are neutrophils also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Answer 6

multiple lobes of their nucleus

Question 7

which is the most abundant wbc

Answer 7

neutrophils

Question 8

what enzymes are in granules of neutrophils

Answer 8

lysozyme
collagenase
elastase

Question 9

where are dendritic cells found

Answer 9

skin
mucosa
tissues

Question 10

what do dendritic cells do

Answer 10

capture microbes
phagocytosis
present microorganisms antigen to T cells

Question 11

when in the blood what are macrophages called

Answer 11

monocytes

Question 12

in tissue what are macrophages called

Answer 12

macrophages

Question 13

what do macrophages secrete

Answer 13

inflammatory factors- cytokines

Question 14

steps in phagocytosis (4)

Answer 14

1. phagocyte mobilization(chemotaxis)
2. recognition and attachment to microbe
3. engulfment
4. digestion

Question 15

1. chemotaxis- guided by?

Answer 15

chemoattractants

Question 16

1. chemotaxis- what are the chemoattractants released by

Answer 16

bacteria
inflammatory cells
damaged tissues

Question 17

2. recognition- how

Answer 17

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP’s)

Question 18

2. recognition- what are PAMP’s

Answer 18

invariant structures- shared by entire class of pathogens

Question 19

2. recognition- are the PAMP’s essential for survival to pathogens

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

2. recognition- what do phagocytes have to recognise PAMP’s

Answer 20

Pattern recognition receptors(PRR’s)

Question 21

2. recognition- types of PRR;s

Answer 21

• toll like receptors (TLR’s)
• C-type lectin receptors (CTLR’s)
• RLR’s
• scavenger receptors

Question 22

some PAMPs that TLR’s recognise

Answer 22

lipopolysaccharide (gram -ve) 
singe/double stranded viral RNA 
Lipoteichoic acid(gram +ve)

Question 23

what do TLR’s also stimulate production of

Answer 23

inflammatory cytokines

Question 24

what does opsonization do

Answer 24

facilitate phagocytosis by recognising microbes

Question 25

what is opsonization

Answer 25

coating of microbes in opsonins

Question 26

what are the different components of opsonins

Answer 26

antibodies

proteins of complement

Question 27

3. engulfment- what begins to get rearranged when the microbe is attached to the phagocyte

Answer 27

actin cytoskeleton

Question 28

3. engulfment- what forms around the side of the microbe

Answer 28

pseudopods(feet)

Question 29

what enzymes are in the lysosomes of oxygen independant killing

Answer 29

proteolytic
lysozyme
lactoferrin
defensins

Question 30

what does proteolytic enzymes do

Answer 30

degrade microbes

Question 31

whatt do lysozyme enzyme do

Answer 31

breaks down bacterial walls

Question 32

what does lactoferrin do

Answer 32

binds iron- so not enough for bacteria

Question 33

what do defensins do

Answer 33

destroy bacterial cell walls

Question 34

if killing is oxygen dependant what is the first step

Answer 34

assembly of NADPH oxidase on the phagolysosome

Question 35

what does the NADPH oxidase do

Answer 35

generate superoxide ions

Question 36

what do the superoxide ions do

Answer 36

break down bacteria in activated phagocyte

Question 37

what is salmonella resistant to

Answer 37

ROS

Question 38

what does mycobacterium block

Answer 38

fusion of phagosome and lysosome

Question 39

example of an encapsulated bacteria

Answer 39

streptoccocus pneumoniae

Question 40

what do apoptotic cells express

Answer 40

‘eat me’ signals on membrane