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SEM 1 DEFENCE > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

triggers to acute inflammation (5)

A 
pathogens(bacteria, viruses, parasites) 
physical agents( frost bites, radiation) 
chemical agents(chemical burns, irritants) 
mechanical injury (trauma, crush)
foreign bodies( silica, swallowed bones)
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2
Q

purpose of inflammation (5)

A
  1. alert the body
  2. limit spread of infection
  3. protect injured site from becoming more infected
  4. eliminate dead cells
  5. create conditions required for healing
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3
Q

5 R’s

A
  1. recognition of injury
  2. recruitment of leucocytes
  3. removal of injurious agent
  4. regulation(closure of inflammatory response)
  5. resolution/ repair of affected tissue
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4
Q

local signs of inflammation (5)

A 
redness
swelling
heat 
pain
loss of function
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5
Q

what is pain due to

A

release of pain mediators

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6
Q

what is swelling due to

A

fluid accumulation in tissue due to increased permeability of vessels

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7
Q

what are the systemic changes in acute inflammation

A

pyrogens
synthesis of neutrophils
acute phase proteins

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8
Q

what are some examples of indogenous pyrogens

A

IL-1

TNF-a

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9
Q

what are exogenous pyrogens

A

microbial components

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10
Q

what is neurophilia

A

neutrophil synthesis

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11
Q

which protein does neurophilia occur by

A

G-CSF

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12
Q

examples of acute phase proteins

A

c-reactive protein
fibrinogen
complement
serum amyloid A protein (SAP)

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13
Q

where are acute phase proteins produced

A

liver

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14
Q

what is the acute phase protein production induced by

A

IL-6
IL-1
TNF-a

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15
Q

what will an increase in fibrinogen do

A

stacking of RBC’s (called rouleaux)

resulting in a faster sedimentation rate

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16
Q

3 vascular events

A
  1. vasodilation due to histamine+ serotonin
  2. inc blood flow to area(influx of WBC’s, O@, nutrients)
  3. blood vessel permeability increases
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17
Q

what is the fluid that has leaked out called

A

inflammatory exudate

18
Q

4 different types of inflammatory exudate

A

purulent
fibrinous
serous
haemorrhagic

19
Q

what is pus made of

A

dead cells
neutrophils
pus producing bacteria (pyogenic)
microbes

20
Q

cellular events

A
  1. neutrophils- remove dead/ injured cells
  2. phago dead pathogens and tissue
  3. monocytes
  4. differentiate into macrophages
  5. phago
  6. release factors that promote tissue repair( TGF-B)
21
Q

4 steps of neutrophil recruitment

A
  1. rolling selectins
  2. integrin activation by chemokines resulting in firm adhesion
  3. transmigration through endothelium
  4. chemotaxis to inflammed site
22
Q

what does transient adhesion mean for leucocytes

A

detach and reattach as it rolls down endothelium

23
Q

what do selectins do

A

mediate rolling of neutrophil

24
Q

where are selectins expressed

A

activated endothelium

25
Q

2 types of selectin

A

P-selectin- present in preformed granules

E-selectin- actively induced by IL-1 + TNF-a

26
Q

what do selectins bind to

A

ligands on neutrophils (low affinity interaction)

27
Q
  1. integrin activation by chemokines - what produces the chemokines
A

endothelium

28
Q
  1. integrin activation by chemokines - what do the chemokines bind to
A

receptors on neutrophils

29
Q
  1. integrin activation by chemokines - what does the binding of chemokines do
A

activation of integrin - move upto high affinity configuration

30
Q

what are the integrin ligands called

A

ICAM-1

VCAM-1

31
Q

what do neutrophils migrate through

A

interendothelial spaces

32
Q

once in tissue, what do neutrophils follow

A

chemoattractant gradient towards site of infection

33
Q

what are some chemoattractant molecules (released by macrophages/microbes)

A

IL-8
complement components(C5a)
bacterial components

34
Q

what detect the neutrophils once in the tissue and release chemokines to alert rest of immune system

A

sentinel cells (dendritic, macrophages)

35
Q

2 methods of pathogen destruction by neutrophils

A

release granule content (enzymes which are toxic),phagocytose
form nuetrophil extracellular traps (NET’s)

36
Q

3 outcomes of acute inflammation

A

resolution
repair
chronic inflammation- abcess+pus+scarring

37
Q

what does repair by replacement lead to

A

fibrosis- scarring

38
Q

what is an abscess

A

mass of necrotic tissue caused by pyogenic bacteria

39
Q

factors that favour resolution

A

minimal cell death
good regeneration ability
fast clearance
quick removal of dead tissue

40
Q

factors that prevent healing

A 
extensive injury 
poor vascular supply 
haemorrhage 
infection 
drugs- corticosteroids 
old age

SEM 1 DEFENCE (6 decks)

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