WBC physiology and patholgy

Question 1

haematopoiesis

Answer 1

myloid

lymhoid

Question 2

nutrophil characteristic and role

Answer 2

• multilobed nucleus 2-5 lobes
• fight against infection
• innate immune cells
  (lympoid lyneridge)
• can release cytokines and chemokines, cross endothelial layer to reach site of infection

Question 3

myloid cells are from

Answer 3

myeloblasts

Question 4

what do myeloblasts form

Answer 4

dendritic cells
monocytes
eosin

Question 5

what can neutrophils do

Answer 5

1) phagocytose and kill bacteria
- using lysosomes
2) release chemokines causing inflammatory response (fevers ect)
3) degranulate
- release enzymes like myeloperoxidase and antimicrobial peptides like defensins
- kill bugs directly
4) neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS)
- trap pathogens
- release DNA

Question 6

neutropenia

Answer 6

too few neutrophils

Question 7

moncytes main functions

Answer 7

• phagocytosis of debris and foreign material eg bacteria, dying cells
• antigen presentation to adaptive immune system cells (lymphocytes)
• cytokine production to recruit other leukocytes

Question 8

monocyte characterisits

Answer 8

Don’t respond to infection as rapidly as neutrophils (invade tissue 8-12 h later)
Kidney shaped nucleus
- differentiate into macrophages (or dendritic cells) in tissue after leaving the blood
- some are able to patrol the endothelial wall of vessels (resident monocytes)

Question 9

monocytosis

Answer 9

too many monocytes

Question 10

monocytopenia

Answer 10

too few monocytes

Question 11

chronic granulomatous disease

Answer 11

NADPH oxidase mediated pathway doent work(free radicals not generated)
phagocytes cant kill pathogens

Question 12

types of lympocytes

Answer 12

T cells
B cells
nautural killer cells

Question 13

natural killer cells

Answer 13

• don’t need activation to kill unlike T and b
• destroy cells that lack surface protein complex, major histocompatibility complex
• release toxic granules to destroy cells

Question 14

where do B cells mature

Answer 14

in bone marrow

Question 15

recombination process of B cells

Answer 15

body can remove B cells with self epitopes that we find in our own bodies
selection process leads to tolerance

Question 16

how do B cells work

Answer 16

• plasma cells produce immunoglobulins (antibodies) when stimulated by exposure to foreign antigen
• antigens can be displayed on T cells (t cell activation)
• activated B cells can differentiate to plasma cells or memory cells
• antibodies bound to pathogens will activate the complement cascade to destroy them , opsonise to enable engulfment by phagocytes and destruction by other effector cells of the immune system

Question 17

T cells mature in the

Answer 17

thymyus

Question 18

how are t cells activated

Answer 18

contact with antigens onsurface of APC

proliferate and secerte cytokines to regualte immune repsonces

Question 19

CD8

Answer 19

cytotoxic cells

• directly kill virus infected and cancerous cells
• kill virus infected and cancer cells, involved in rejection of transplanted organs
• produce cytokines that influence other cells eg macrophages and NK cells

Question 20

what occurs with bacteiral infection

Answer 20

neutrophilia (increased numbers)

phagocytose and kill bactera

Question 21

what occurs with viral infections

Answer 21

Lymphocytosis (increased numbers)

generate Ig and memmroy B ells

Question 22

leukaemai

Answer 22

malignancy of WBC

Question 23

types of leukaemai

Answer 23

acute

chroic

Question 24

acute leukarmai

Answer 24

• proliferation of immature cells without differentiation

Question 25

chronic leukaemai

Answer 25

proliferation without differentation

Question 26

what happens in leukaemis

Answer 26

- anaemia (fatigue, pallor) - neutropenia (infections) - thrombocytopenia (bleeding and bruising)

Question 27

types of acute lekaue

Answer 27

2) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | 1) acute myeloid leukaemia

Question 28

1) acute myeloid leukaemia

Answer 28

excessive proliferation of myeloblasts in bone marrow typically adult treatment high does chemotherapy along side/ not with bone marrow transplant

Question 29

2) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Answer 29

- proliferation of lymphoblasts

Question 30

types of chronic leukaemia

Answer 30

1) chronic myeloid leukaemia - unregulated myeloid cell proliferation 2) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia - proliferation of lymphocytes

Question 31

what is CML casued by and therapy

Answer 31

Due to translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 - forms Philadelphia chromosome, new gene Targeted therapy (tablets) - imatinib - as the target is a kinase, easier to target

Question 32

lymphoma and symptoms

Answer 32

Malignancy of lymphoid cells - can have enlarged lymph nodes - also generally symptoms eg flu, temperature, tired

Question 33

types of lymphoma

Answer 33

hodgkins | non hogdekins

Question 34

myeloma

Answer 34

Malignancy of plasma cells - antibody producing cells - malignancy of lymphoid lyncerage

Question 35

what happens with malignant proliferation of plasma cells

Answer 35

- produces monoclonal immunoglobulin (para protein, M protein, M spike, spike protein) - increases thickness of blood - impairs immune function and can cause kidney damage - many organs can be affected

Question 36

clonical features of malignant priliferation of plasma cells

Answer 36

CRAB - calcium (hypercalcaemia – bone pain, constipation) - renal failure - anaemia - bone lesions (lytic lesions, fractures, pain – from masses formed in bone marrow)