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BODC exodontia yr 2 > blood constituents, haematopoiesis and transfusion > Flashcards

blood constituents, haematopoiesis and transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

how can blood constituent be separted

A

centrigugation

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2
Q

what is blood split into

A

plasma
buffy coat
erythrocytes

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3
Q

what is in the buffy coat

A

white blood cells

platelets

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4
Q

haematiopoiesis

A

process by which blood cells are formed

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5
Q

pluripotent

A

can give rise to all the cells of the blodo

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6
Q

pathways to form blood cells

A

1) myeloid cells

2) lymphoid cells

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7
Q

sites of haematopoiesis in chldren adults/embroy

A 
Children
-	all bones
Adults
-	axial skeleton and proximal ends of long bones
-	eg spine ribs ect
Embryo
-	yolk sac
-	then liver and spleen
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8
Q

cells found in the bone marrow niche

A
  • fat cells
  • fibroblasts
  • stromal cells
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9
Q

RBC stimualted by

A
  • erythropoietin (EPO)
  • made by the kidney
  • levels dependant on level of oxygen in body
  • those in kidney disease will need extra EPO to prevent them becoming anaemic, struggle to carry oxygen around the body
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10
Q

WBC stimulated y

A

eg granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF)

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11
Q

platelets stimulated by

A
  • thrombopoietin (TPO)
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12
Q

RBC characteristics

A

Simple cells with no nucleus or mitochondria
- have to use glycolysis to generate ATP
- pentose phosphate pathway to make ADP
- prevents oxidative damage to the cells
Biconcave disc
- maximises surface area: volume radio for gas transfer
- flexible (often larger than the diameter of capillaries)
Contain haemoglobin
- carry oxygen to the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs

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13
Q

immature RBC name

A

Reticulocytes

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14
Q

haemoglobin

A

Tetromoner

  • 4 chains bound together
  • 2 alpha 2 beta
  • contain iron within them (haem group)
  • allows irreversible binding of O2 without oxidising the iron from the 2+ state
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15
Q

anaemia

A

low haemoglobin

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16
Q

symtpoms of anaemia

A
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
  • pallor (esp of mucous membranes)
  • headaches
    can have increased cardiac output
  • tachycardia( increased heart rate)
  • systolic murmur
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17
Q

polycythaemia

A

Too many RBCs
Raised erythropoietin (eg renal tumours or cysts leading to excess EPO)
Hypoxia

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18
Q

polycythaemia increased risk of

A
  • stroke
  • hypoicix lung disease
  • increased risk of heart attacks ect
19
Q

Platlets and what theyre made from

A

Tiny anucleate cells (fragments)

- made from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

20
Q

low platelet no called

A

thromocytopenia

  • platelets < 80 increased risk of bleeding
  • Platelets <20 spontaneous bleeding /bruising
21
Q

high platelet count

A

thrombocytosis

22
Q

types of WBC and properties/characteristcs

A

Basophils and eosinophils

  • granular
  • involved in allergic reactions
  • release granules as a defence
23
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

Phagocytose and kill bacteria
Increased bacterial infections (neutrophilia)
- release cytokines which cause many hallmarks of inflammation

24
Q

low neutrophil count is call

A

neutropenia

25
Q

chemotaxis

A

find the bacteira

26
Q

monocytes

A

circualte in blod
released from bone marrow
- leave blood, roll tether and extravate to site of injury

27
Q

when monocytes leave blood theyre called

A

macrophates

dendritic cells

28
Q

roles of macrophages

A

present antigens

help adaptive immune repsonce via B cells

29
Q

lympocyte role

A

fight viral infections

30
Q

B cells

A

mke antiboides

31
Q

lack of lymph…

A

immunodeficiency

32
Q

plasma protien types

A

1) albumin (blood volume)
2) carrier proteins for nutrients, hormones etc
3) Coagulation proteins
4) complement proteins
5) immunoglobulins

33
Q

immonogloblins produed by

A

B cells in repsonce to forign substaces

34
Q

coagluation factors and function

A
  • series of proteins that circulate in inactive form
  • function is to make blood clot when activated, series of proteolytic cleavage to lead to clotting
  • convert soluble fibrinogen into soluble fibrin polymer
35
Q

over activity of cogaluative factors

A

thrombosis

36
Q

blood transfusion

A
  • RBC
  • platelets
  • plasma (fresh frozen plasma)
  • white cells (very rarely)
  • specific proteins eg clotting factors
37
Q

what is on surface of RBC

A

Carry proteins on their surface (antigens)

  • mostly sugars, differ between individuals
  • inherited
38
Q

what can wrong RBC cause

A

anaphylactic shock

39
Q

2 most important RBC groups which have the highest risk complications

A

ABO and rhesus

40
Q

blood groups

A

1) A
- a antigen made ect
2) B
3) AB
4) O

41
Q

inheritance of blood groips

A
  • O is recessive so O = O ,O
  • A = AA or AO
  • B = BB or BO
  • AB= AB
42
Q

universal donor

A

O

43
Q

universal recipient

A

AB

44
Q

Rhesus blood groups

A
  • complex system of C D and E antigens
  • D is the most important , most likely to provoke an immune response
  • D is dominant
  • so DD or Dd = D positive
  • d is a null product, dd = D negative

Immunoglobulins producing the repsonce can cross the placenta

  • so mum could be D- but baby D+ from farther
  • then mum can generate anti D antibodies if there is transfer of foetal blood into mothers
  • can generate anti D antibodies for future babies
  • can cause rhesus disease

BODC exodontia yr 2 (25 decks)

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