blood constituents, haematopoiesis and transfusion

Question 1

how can blood constituent be separted

Answer 1

centrigugation

Question 2

what is blood split into

Answer 2

plasma
buffy coat
erythrocytes

Question 3

what is in the buffy coat

Answer 3

white blood cells

platelets

Question 4

haematiopoiesis

Answer 4

process by which blood cells are formed

Question 5

pluripotent

Answer 5

can give rise to all the cells of the blodo

Question 6

pathways to form blood cells

Answer 6

1) myeloid cells

2) lymphoid cells

Question 7

sites of haematopoiesis in chldren adults/embroy

Answer 7

Children
-	all bones
Adults
-	axial skeleton and proximal ends of long bones
-	eg spine ribs ect
Embryo
-	yolk sac
-	then liver and spleen

Question 8

cells found in the bone marrow niche

Answer 8

• fat cells
• fibroblasts
• stromal cells

Question 9

RBC stimualted by

Answer 9

• erythropoietin (EPO)
• made by the kidney
• levels dependant on level of oxygen in body
• those in kidney disease will need extra EPO to prevent them becoming anaemic, struggle to carry oxygen around the body

Question 10

WBC stimulated y

Answer 10

eg granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF)

Question 11

platelets stimulated by

Answer 11

• thrombopoietin (TPO)

Question 12

RBC characteristics

Answer 12

Simple cells with no nucleus or mitochondria
- have to use glycolysis to generate ATP
- pentose phosphate pathway to make ADP
- prevents oxidative damage to the cells
Biconcave disc
- maximises surface area: volume radio for gas transfer
- flexible (often larger than the diameter of capillaries)
Contain haemoglobin
- carry oxygen to the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs

Question 13

immature RBC name

Answer 13

Reticulocytes

Question 14

haemoglobin

Answer 14

Tetromoner

• 4 chains bound together
• 2 alpha 2 beta
• contain iron within them (haem group)
• allows irreversible binding of O2 without oxidising the iron from the 2+ state

Question 15

anaemia

Answer 15

low haemoglobin

Question 16

symtpoms of anaemia

Answer 16

• fatigue
• dizziness
• pallor (esp of mucous membranes)
• headaches
  can have increased cardiac output
• tachycardia( increased heart rate)
• systolic murmur

Question 17

polycythaemia

Answer 17

Too many RBCs
Raised erythropoietin (eg renal tumours or cysts leading to excess EPO)
Hypoxia

Question 18

polycythaemia increased risk of

Answer 18

• stroke
• hypoicix lung disease
• increased risk of heart attacks ect

Question 19

Platlets and what theyre made from

Answer 19

Tiny anucleate cells (fragments)

- made from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Question 20

low platelet no called

Answer 20

thromocytopenia

• platelets < 80 increased risk of bleeding
• Platelets <20 spontaneous bleeding /bruising

Question 21

high platelet count

Answer 21

thrombocytosis

Question 22

types of WBC and properties/characteristcs

Answer 22

Basophils and eosinophils

• granular
• involved in allergic reactions
• release granules as a defence

Question 23

what do neutrophils do

Answer 23

Phagocytose and kill bacteria
Increased bacterial infections (neutrophilia)
- release cytokines which cause many hallmarks of inflammation

Question 24

low neutrophil count is call

Answer 24

neutropenia

Question 25

chemotaxis

Answer 25

find the bacteira

Question 26

monocytes

Answer 26

circualte in blod released from bone marrow - leave blood, roll tether and extravate to site of injury

Question 27

when monocytes leave blood theyre called

Answer 27

macrophates | dendritic cells

Question 28

roles of macrophages

Answer 28

present antigens | help adaptive immune repsonce via B cells

Question 29

lympocyte role

Answer 29

fight viral infections

Question 30

B cells

Answer 30

mke antiboides

Question 31

lack of lymph...

Answer 31

immunodeficiency

Question 32

plasma protien types

Answer 32

1) albumin (blood volume) 2) carrier proteins for nutrients, hormones etc 3) Coagulation proteins 4) complement proteins 5) immunoglobulins

Question 33

immonogloblins produed by

Answer 33

B cells in repsonce to forign substaces

Question 34

coagluation factors and function

Answer 34

- series of proteins that circulate in inactive form - function is to make blood clot when activated, series of proteolytic cleavage to lead to clotting - convert soluble fibrinogen into soluble fibrin polymer

Question 35

over activity of cogaluative factors

Answer 35

thrombosis

Question 36

blood transfusion

Answer 36

- RBC - platelets - plasma (fresh frozen plasma) - white cells (very rarely) - specific proteins eg clotting factors

Question 37

what is on surface of RBC

Answer 37

Carry proteins on their surface (antigens) - mostly sugars, differ between individuals - inherited

Question 38

what can wrong RBC cause

Answer 38

anaphylactic shock

Question 39

2 most important RBC groups which have the highest risk complications

Answer 39

ABO and rhesus

Question 40

blood groups

Answer 40

1) A - a antigen made ect 2) B 3) AB 4) O

Question 41

inheritance of blood groips

Answer 41

- O is recessive so O = O ,O - A = AA or AO - B = BB or BO - AB= AB

Question 42

universal donor

Answer 42

O

Question 43

universal recipient

Answer 43

AB

Question 44

Rhesus blood groups

Answer 44

- complex system of C D and E antigens - D is the most important , most likely to provoke an immune response - D is dominant - so DD or Dd = D positive - d is a null product, dd = D negative Immunoglobulins producing the repsonce can cross the placenta - so mum could be D- but baby D+ from farther - then mum can generate anti D antibodies if there is transfer of foetal blood into mothers - can generate anti D antibodies for future babies - can cause rhesus disease