WBC Disorders Flashcards
differentitation
cell specializes from one type to another
mitosis
cell divides into 2 identical cells
mutation
DNA in parent cell altered - and passed on; offspring cells will carry mutation
neoplasms
cellular division that no longer responds to normal genetic controls
atypical or immature cells
benign tumor
differentiated cells that produce too quickly
encapsulated
do not spread; but tissue damage
malignant
undifferentiated, non-functional cells reproduced too quickly
spreads to distant sites
follows drainage of blood vessels (hepatic vein)
characteristics of malignant tumors
lack of mitosis control (do not undergo apoptosis)
no normal differentation (immature)
abnormal cell membranes and altered surface antigens
stimulates angiogenesis
can compress BVs or secrete unnecessary enzymes/hormones
inflammation and loss of normal cells
local effects
pain
obstruction
tissue necrosis and ulceration
systemic effects
weight loss and cachexia
bleeding
anemia
severe fatigue
effusions
infections
paraneoplastic syndrome
non-neoplastic WBC disorders
- leukopenia (neutropenia; aplastic anemia)
2. infectious mononucleosis (EBV virus)
neutropenia (NP)
absolute decrease in WBC numbers
NP: pathogenesis
chemotherapy
accelerated removal of NPs during inflammation
NP: manifestations
respiratory infections
skin infections
ulcers
NP: treatment
antibiotics
hematopoeitic growth factors to stimulate neutrophil production
infectious mononucleosis (IM)
symptoms appear 4-6 weeks after infection (incubation period)
IM: pathogenesis
epstein barr virus –> transmitted through oral contact with contaminated saliva
receptor for EBV on B-lymphocytes
IM: manifestations
extreme malaise
fever
pharyngitis
enlarged lymph nodes
hepatomelagy/splenomelagy
increase in WBC count
neoplastic WBC disorders
- leukemias
2. lymphomas
leukemias
mutation happens in bone marrow during differentiation
not solid –> dysfunctional WBCs circulating in blood
overproduction of abnormal WBC manifestations
crowding; depresses function of other blood cell types
- bone pain and risk of fractures
- anemia
- thrombocytopenia
- immune suppression
acute lymphoblastic leukemia: etiology
unknown:
chromosomal abnormalities
environmental factors
lymphocytic stem line affected –> producing abnormal lymphocytes in bone marrow
ALL: manifestations
sudden and stormy
fever high and sustained
bleeding and bruising
ALL: diagnosis
blood cell count, blood smears
(lymphocytes higher than normal; all other blood cells start to be suppressed)
smear: abnormal structure of lymphocytes
ALL: prognosis
high survival rate
lymphomas
- hodgkin disease
2. non-hodgkin lymphoma
hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
peaks in 20-40 years, and again after 55
HL: etiology
increased risk with EBV infection, autoimmune, immunosuppression
presence of Reed-sternberg cell (immature cell of the B-lymphocytes
spreads to adjacent nodes
HL: manifestations
early: enlarged LN (painless and non-tender)
late: splenomegaly, lymphadenitis, general cancer signs (weight loss, fatigue, fever, anemia)
HL: diagnosis/prognosis
biopsy of affected node, imaging
high survival rate
Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
more common
peaks later in life
NHL: etiology
unknown, infectious agents may play role
single lymph node –> random nodes throughout body
NHL: manifestations
asymptomatic for long time (5-10 years)
lymph nodes enlarged (painless; non-tender)
general cancer signs
NHL: diagnosis/prognosis
biopsy of affected node, imaging (no RS cell, mutations to T and B lc)
moderate survival rate
