Immune System Disorders

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

non-specific; if surface barriers breached –> inflammatory response

Question 2

adaptive immunity

Answer 2

specific, develops after exposure to a specific antigen

Question 3

humoral immunity

Answer 3

antibodies produced to protect body

Question 4

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 4

lymphocytes programmed to attack non-self cells to protect body

B and T

Question 5

antibodies

Answer 5

produced by B-lymphocytes

occur freely in circulation

Question 6

immunoglobulins

Answer 6

function as Abs

found on plasma membranes of B-LCs (also found on other immune cells)

IgG (most common; fights bacteria, viruses, toxins)
IgE (allergic responses)

Question 7

active, natural immunity

Answer 7

natural exposure to antigen –> body creates antibodies to prep for second exposure
(primary and secondary response)

Question 8

active, artifical

Answer 8

antigen purposefully introduced into body (immunization) –> simulates what would happen to a virus by our own immune cells

Question 9

passive, natural

Answer 9

IgG transferred from mother to fetus (crossing placenta)

Question 10

passive, artificial

Answer 10

injection of antibodies (anti-venom); short-term protection

Question 11

type I hypersensitivity disorders

Answer 11

excessive or inappropriate activation of immune response

effects –> local (atopic); systemic (anaphylactic)

Question 12

exposure to allergen can occur by:

Answer 12

inhalation, ingestion, skin contact

Question 13

Type I HS d/o mediated by

Answer 13

IgE

Question 14

local effects of type I HS d/o

Answer 14

atopic:

early phase –> inflammation
late phase: mucosal edema, mucous secretion

contained to epithelium, not bloodstream

Question 15

mechanism of hypersensitivity

Answer 15

exposure to antigen (pollen) –> immune response: B-lymphocytes recognize as non-self –> produce antibodies (IgE)

IgE attaches to mast cells

second exposure –> IgE recognizes antigen –> sensitized mast cells release histamine –> immediate inflammatory response

Question 16

anaphylaxis

Answer 16

systemic response to inflammatory mediators released

life-threatening

Question 17

anaphylaxis: vasodilation

Answer 17

histamine
ACh
kinins
leukotrienes
PGs

consequence: drop in BP

Question 18

anaphylaxis: bronchoconstriction

Answer 18

Ach
leukotrienes
PGs
kinins

consequence: impaired O2 delivery to capillary beds

Question 19

signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis

Answer 19

generalized itching or tingling (oral cavity)

coughing

difficulty breathing

weakness

dizzy/fainting

sense of fear/panic

edema (around eyes, lips, tongue, hands feet)

hives

collapse with LOC

Question 20

effects of anaphylaxis

Answer 20

inflammatory mediators into general circulation:

vasodilation (decreased BP)

bronchoconstriction (impairs O2 delivery)

mucous release

skin: nerve ending irritated (itchy)

***reducing availability of oxygenated blood to brain

Question 21

treatment of anaphylaxis

Answer 21

first aid: epipen and 911

Epi: stabilizes BP (vasoconstriction)

Glucocorticoids: reduce AA (AA produces leukotrienes and PGs –> reduced vasodilation and cap permeability)

antihistamines: reduce histamine locally and systemically

O2: help with bronchoconstriction –> drive partial pressure of O2 up

Question 22

autoimmune disorders

Answer 22

immune system attacking our own healthy cells; development of antibodies against self-cells and tissues

Question 23

autoimmune process

Answer 23

immune system forms antibodies against self-antigens

autoantibodies attack self-antigens

inflammation and tissue damage occur (local to organ or systemically)

Question 24

mechanisms of autoimmune

Answer 24

1. genetic susceptibility

2. environmental triggers (virus, chemical)

Question 25

immunodeficiency

Answer 25

partial or total loss of one or more immune system components

Question 26

primary immunodeficiency

Answer 26

inherited –> basic developmental failure somewhere in system

Question 27

secondary or acquired immunodeficiency

Answer 27

loss of immune response from specific causes

infections; splenectomy, malnutrition, liver disease, immunosuppressant drugs, radiation, chemo