Intro to Pathophysiology

Question 1

Pathophysiology

Answer 1

study of functional and physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

causative factors in a specific disease (what sets the disease in motion

often unknown

Question 3

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

development of the disease (sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the disease process)

Question 4

Acute

Answer 4

fast onset; presents suddenly, sometimes resolves; can continue to adapt into chronic

Question 5

Chronic

Answer 5

slow gradual onset; not really aware until it is a problem

Question 6

Manifestations

Answer 6

clinical evidence (signs and symptoms of disease)–> local or systemic

local –> redness and swelling (at site of problem)

systemic –> general indicators (whole body fatigue, fever)

Question 7

Signs

Answer 7

objective indicators

Question 8

Symptoms

Answer 8

subjective reports (nausea, pain)

Question 9

Complications

Answer 9

secondary problems that occur after the disease begins

Question 10

epidemiology

Answer 10

tracking the pattern or occurance of disease

Question 11

incidence

Answer 11

of new cases in a given population for a given time period

Question 12

prevalence

Answer 12

of new, old, or existing cases in a given population for a given time period

Question 13

morbidity

Answer 13

symptomatic impact of a disease on a person (hospitalization, missed school, mental stress)

Question 14

mortality

Answer 14

number of deaths resulting from disease

Question 15

atrophy

Answer 15

decrease in cell size –> reduced tissue mass

causes: decreased tissue demand (reduced use); insufficient nutrition; reduced blood flow

Question 16

hypertrophy

Answer 16

increase in cell size –> increased tissue mass

causes: increased tissue demand; pathological adaptations (cardiomyopathy)

Question 17

hyperplasia

Answer 17

increase in cell number –> increased tissue mass

causes: increased tissue demand; pathological adaptations (excessive hormonal secretion)

Question 18

labile and stable cells

Answer 18

labile = continuously proliferating
stable = not always undergoing mitosis, but has the ability to 

NOT nerve and muscle cells (cannot undergo mitosis –> no hyperplasia)

Question 19

metaplasia

Answer 19

one adult cell type replaced by a different type (within same cell family)

example: simple squamous replaced by stratified squamous (both epithelial)

causes –> response to chronic irritation or inflammation

Question 20

dysplasia

Answer 20

abnormal changes in cell size, shape, organization of mature cells

causes: metaplasia, virus, toxins, immunocompromised
example: HPV –> cervical dysplasia

Question 21

neoplasia

Answer 21

IRRIVERSIBLE

new growth of cells

benign or malignant

malignant –> can create own blood vessel network and cause new growth at other sites

Question 22

apoptosis

Answer 22

programmed cell death (cell suicide)

removing unwanted cells (replaced or worn out)
removes unwanted tissue

Question 23

necrosis

Answer 23

cell death as a result of irreversible damage

Question 24

causes of cell damage

Answer 24

ischemia

physical agents, extreme temps, radiation

chemical agents and drugs

biological agents

Question 25

hypoxic injury

Answer 25

induced by ischemia

ischemia = reduced blood flow = reduced O2 to mitochondria –> reduced ATP production = decreased Na+ pump / increased anaerobic glycolysis

Question 26

Blood flow not restored: Na+ pump

Answer 26

problems with ion distribution –> increased osmotic pressure –> acute cell swelling –> cell injury (cell bursts = cell death)

increased Ca2+ inside cell –> cell injury