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Physics > Waves and Radiation > Flashcards

Waves and Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

waves transfer ____

A

energy from one place to another

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2
Q

types of wave

A

longitudinal and transverse

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3
Q

transverse wave

A

particles move perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave
(remember slinky)

can travel through a medium or a vacuum

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4
Q

example of transverse wave

A

basically anything (EM spectrum)

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5
Q

longitudinal wave

A

particles move parallel to the direction of travel (remember slinky)

cannot travel through a vacuum

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6
Q

example of longitudinal wave

A

sound wave

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7
Q

trough

A

the lowest point of the wave

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8
Q

crest

A

the highest point of the wave

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9
Q

equilibrium position

A

the rest position of the wave

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10
Q

amplitude

A

the vertical distance from the equilibrium position to either the crest or the trough. measured in metres ( loudness)

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11
Q

wavelength

A

the horizontal distance between the same point in consecutive waves. measured in metres

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12
Q

period

A

time taken for one complete wave to pass a particular point

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13
Q

wave speed

A

distance the wave travels each second

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14
Q

frequency

A

number of waves per second that passes a particular point (pitch)

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15
Q

relationship for calculating frequency

A

f= N/t

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16
Q

relationship for calculating speed of wave w wavelength and frequency

A

v = f x wavelength

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17
Q

relationship for calculating period

A

T = 1/f

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18
Q

relationship for calculating wavelength

A

wavelength= d/N

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19
Q

relationship for calculating wave speed

A

v= d/t

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20
Q

diffraction

A

the effect of waves bending when they meet obstacles

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21
Q

diffraction effect____ as wavelength ___ or as gap width ___

A

increases, increases, decreases

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22
Q

shorter wavelengths do/ do not diffract as much as longer ones

A

do not

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23
Q

sound waves _____ travel through a vacuum

A

cannot

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24
Q

sound waves are created by

A

vibrations

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25
Q

oscilloscope

A

a machine that analyses sound waves. amplitude and frequency are examined

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26
Q

on an oscilloscope, changing the frequency or pitch means that

A

more or less waves will be displayed

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27
Q

on an oscilloscope, changing the amplitude or loudness of the signal

A

changes the vertical height of the trace on the screen

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28
Q

speed of light in air

A

3.0 x10 to the power of -8 ms-1

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29
Q

speed of sound in air

A

340 ms-1

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30
Q

what is faster, sound or light

A

light

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31
Q

measuring speed of sound experiments-

A

1- pistol and stopwatch (v =d/t)
2- pistol and stopwatch w wall (v=half d/t)
3- hammer, electronic timer, metal plate, microphones (start and stop)

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32
Q

range of human hearing

A

20-20,000 Hz

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33
Q

ultrasounds

A

high frequency vibrations beyond human hearing

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34
Q

uses for ultrasound

A

cleaning instruments
scanning unborn children in the womb
measuring blood flow through the heart
detecting kidney stones

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35
Q

sonar

A

detecting the depth of water

the device emits a series of ultrasound pulses and these are reflected by the sea bed and travel back towards the boat and are received by the sonar device. (2d=vt)

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36
Q

speed of sound in water

A

1500ms-1

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37
Q

musical instruments produce sound by

A

causing vibrations to pass through the air- membrane, string, air or reed

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38
Q

sound produced by a loudspeaker or headphones is produced by

A

a small current passing through a coil wire which becomes and electromagnet. this interacts w a permanent magnet to produce a movement of the cone which matches the fluctuations in the current.

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39
Q

loudness of a sound is measured in

A

decibels (dB)

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40
Q

sound levels above _____ can be dangerous

A

85dB

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41
Q

ACN

A

active noise cancellation- a method for reducing unwanted sound by the addition of a second sound specifically designed to cancel the first

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42
Q

all waves in the EM spectrum are

A

transverse

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43
Q

all waves in the EM spectrum travel at

A

3.0 x10 to the power of 8ms-1

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44
Q

the higher the frequency of the wave=

A

the more energy they carry

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45
Q

order of EM spectrum from long wavelength to short wavelength/ low frequency to high frequency

A 
radio waves
microwaves
infrared
visible light
ultraviolet rays 
X rays
gamma rays
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46
Q

the energy transferred by these waves is related to their

A

frequency

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47
Q

wavefronts=

A

crests

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48
Q

distance between consecutive wavefronts =

A

wavelength

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49
Q

ray=

A

indicates direction of energy transfer, drawn perpendicular to the wavefront and has an arrow

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50
Q

reflection

A

when a wave encounters a boundary between 2 different mediums it experiences reflection

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51
Q

incident ray

A

ray approaching the boundary between 2 mediums

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52
Q

reflected ray

A

ray reflected away from the boundary between 2 mediums

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53
Q

angle of incidence

A

angle between normal and incident ray

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54
Q

angle of reflection

A

angle between normal and reflected ray

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55
Q

normal

A

dotted line drawn perpendicular to the boundary between 2 different mediums

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56
Q

refraction

A

a change in speed and wavelength . frequency stays the same. change in speed affects a change in direction

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57
Q

when does refraction occur

A

when a wave experiences a change in medium at an angle of incidence that is greater than 0 degrees

58
Q

angle of refraction

A

angle between normal and refracted ray

59
Q

if the angle of incidence is greater than the refracted ray the ray refracts ___ the normal

A

towards (low density to high density)

60
Q

if the incidence ray is less than the refracted ray the ray refracts _____ the normal

A

away from (high density to low density)

61
Q

converging (convex)

A

bring parallel rays of light to a focus

62
Q

diverging (concave)

A

cause parallel rays of light to spread out

63
Q

correcting long sight

A

add a convex or converging lense to enable them to focus the rays on to the retina

line don’t touch and go dotted out of the eye

64
Q

correcting short sight

A

add a diverging or concave lense to enable the rays to focus onto the retina

lines cross

65
Q

critical angle

A

angle of incidence that produced an angle of refraction if 90 degrees

66
Q

angle of incidence less than critical angle

A

refraction

67
Q

total internal reflection

A

angle of incidence greater than critical angle

68
Q

only get critical angle in

A

refraction

69
Q

principle of reversibility

A

if direction of a ray is reversed it will follow the same path

70
Q

applications of TIR

A

fibre optics- the use of thin layers of glass/ other transparent solids to transmit light

71
Q

periscope

A

an apparatus consisting of a tube attached to a set of mirrors or prisms, by which an observer can see things that are otherwise out of sight.

72
Q

properties of electron

A

relative mass- 0

relative charge- -1

73
Q

properties of proton

A

relative mass- 1

relative charge- +1

74
Q

properties of neutron

A

relative mass- 1

relative charge- 0

75
Q

relative mass or charge of an atom is calculated by

A

adding all the relative masses and charges of the particles together

76
Q

relative charge of an atom is always

A

0, no overall charge, neutral

77
Q

number of neutrons=

A

mass number- protons

78
Q

atomic number=

A

protons (electrons)

79
Q

mass number on ____, atomic number on ____

A

top, bottom

80
Q

isotopes

A

different number of neutrons (mass number) same number of protons (atomic number)

81
Q

unstable atoms are usually ____

A

man made

82
Q

unstable isotopes become stable by

A

shedding mass and emitting energy

83
Q

radioactive decay

A

unstable isotopes becoming stable by releasing different types of particles

84
Q

ionisation

A

the gain or loss of an electron from an atom to produce a charged atom (an ion)

85
Q

loses an electron =

A

positive ion

86
Q

gains an electron=

A

negative ion

87
Q

types of energy that can be emitted

A

alpha particle
beta particle
gamma ray

88
Q

alpha particle

A

relative charge : +2
relative mass : 4

very large in mass
very positive
equal to a helium nucleus

89
Q

beta particle

A

fast moving electron emitted from nucleus
relative charge: -1
relative mass: 0
neutron changes into proton and electron- making beta decay

90
Q

gamma

A

no mass
no charge
high f, short wavelength
lots of energy

91
Q

activity

A

the number of nuclei that undergo radioactive decay per second.
measured in bequerels Bq

A= N/t

92
Q

safety

A

T- time
D- distance
S- shielding

93
Q

background radiation

A

radiation that exists in our immediate environment at all times

94
Q

critical angle

A

angle of incidence that produced an angle of refraction if 90 degrees

95
Q

angle of incidence less than critical angle

A

refraction

96
Q

total internal reflection

A

angle of incidence greater than critical angle

97
Q

only get critical angle in

A

refraction

98
Q

principle of reversibility

A

if direction of a ray is reversed it will follow the same path

99
Q

applications of TIR

A

fibre optics- the use of thin layers of glass/ other transparent solids to transmit light

100
Q

periscope

A

an apparatus consisting of a tube attached to a set of mirrors or prisms, by which an observer can see things that are otherwise out of sight.

101
Q

properties of electron

A

relative mass- 0

relative charge- -1

102
Q

properties of proton

A

relative mass- 1

relative charge- +1

103
Q

properties of neutron

A

relative mass- 1

relative charge- 0

104
Q

relative mass or charge of an atom is calculated by

A

adding all the relative masses and charges of the particles together

105
Q

relative charge of an atom is always

A

0, no overall charge, neutral

106
Q

number of neutrons=

A

mass number- protons

107
Q

atomic number=

A

protons (electrons)

108
Q

mass number on ____, atomic number on ____

A

top, bottom

109
Q

isotopes

A

different number of neutrons (mass number) same number of protons (atomic number)

110
Q

unstable atoms are usually ____

A

man made

111
Q

unstable isotopes become stable by

A

shedding mass and emitting energy

112
Q

radioactive decay

A

unstable isotopes becoming stable by releasing different types of particles

113
Q

ionisation

A

the gain or loss of an electron from an atom to produce a charged atom (an ion)

114
Q

loses an electron =

A

positive ion

115
Q

gains an electron=

A

negative ion

116
Q

types of energy that can be emitted

A

alpha particle
beta particle
gamma ray

117
Q

activity (A)

A

the number of nuclei that undergo radioactive decay each second

118
Q

activity is measured in

A

bequerels Bq

119
Q

relationship for finding activity

A

A= N/t

120
Q

background radiation

A

radiation that exists in our immediate environment at all times

121
Q

count rate is measured by

A

geiger- muller tube

122
Q

count rate measures

A

how much radiation is present (including background radiation which needs to be corrected)

123
Q

ionisation density

A

measure of ionisations occurring in a set volume of space per unit time

124
Q

alpha particles are the _______ harmful

A

most

125
Q

absorbed dose (D)

A

energy per unit mass

126
Q

relationship for absorbed dose

A

D= E/m

127
Q

absorbed dose is measured in

A

Grays (Gy)

128
Q

biological damage depends on

A

T ype of radiation (a, B, gamma)
A bsorbed dose received
P art of body (organ or tissue) exposed

129
Q

radiation weighting factor

A

the ionising density and biological effects

(found on data sheet)

alpha 20
beta 1
gamma 1

130
Q

equivalent dose (H)

A

the product of absorbed dose and radiation weighting factor

131
Q

equivalent dose is measured in

A

sieverts (Sv)

132
Q

relationship for equivalent dose

A

H= D x radiation weighting factor

133
Q

equivalent dose rate

A

equivalent dose per unit time (H with dot over it)

134
Q

relationship for equivalent dose rate

A

H (with dot over) = H/t

135
Q

what is half life

A

time taken for the activity of the radioactive source to reduce to half its original value

136
Q

relationship method 2 for half life

A

Ao= A x 2n (squared)

137
Q

activity time curve

A

how the activity of a source changes over time (exponential decay)

138
Q

nuclear fission

A

when a neutron collides with a large unstable nucleus which causes it to split into two smaller nuclei and release heat energy and a few neutrons

139
Q

nuclear fusion

A

two small nuclei collide and join together to make a larger nucleus causing heat energy to be released

occurs in the sun

140
Q

chain reaction

A

the released neutrons go on to produce further fission reactions

used in nuclear reactors

Physics (4 decks)

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