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waves Flashcards

1
Q

what do waves do

A

they transfer energy or informstion without transferring any matter

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2
Q

dif types of waves

A

MECHANICAL WAVES- sound, water and ones on springs
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES- light, radio and microwaves

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3
Q

whats a mechanical wave

A

a wave that travels through a substance
they can be either transverse or longitudinal waves

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4
Q

whats an electromagnetic wave

A

a wave that travels through a vaccum
they are transverse waves

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5
Q

whats a longitudinal wave

A

so they oscilate parralel to the direction the waves transfer energy

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6
Q

whats a transverse wave

A

this means that it oscillates perpendicular to the direction of the waves energy transfer creating ripples

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7
Q

whats the amplitude of a wave

A

biggest displacement from its orig position so the length of the hump from the middle, the longer the amplitude the more energy carried

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8
Q

whats a wavelength

A

distance from one bit of a wave to that same bit in the next wave

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9
Q

whats a frequency

A

amount of waves passing a fixed point per second

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10
Q

whats a period

A

amount of time it takes fo each wave to pass a fixed point

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11
Q

what is the wave speed equation

A

frequency x wavelength

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12
Q

how are waves relflected in a ripple tank

A

theyre reflected from a straight barrier at the same angle as the incident wave as their speed and wavelength do not change

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13
Q

whats refraction

A

change of a waves direction when they change medium, results in a slower speed

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13
Q

whats an incident wavefront

A

the initial waves that distinguishes them from the relfcted/refracted waves

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14
Q

what happens when something absorbs the waves that pass through it

A

the substance gains the energy and so is heated eg microWAVES
the amplitude of the wave decreases as its energy goes

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15
Q

formula for frequency

A

1/T

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16
Q

specular reflection

A

when the boundry is flat, it produces a clear image

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17
Q

whats diffuse reflection

A

when the boundry on surfaces is bumpy, cant see your reflection

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18
Q

in a more dense materials waves will bend..

A

towards the normal as the amplitude gets smaller

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19
Q

crest

A

Peak of 1 ossiclation

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20
Q

electromagetic waves

A

dont tranfer matter
transervse (perp oscillations)

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21
Q

electrogmagnetic spectrum order

A

radio
micro
infrared
visable
ultraviolet
x rays
gamma

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22
Q

speed of electrogmagnetic waves

A

300 million m/s

23
Q

what happens as you go down the elctromagnetic spectrum

A

the wavelength decreases but as the speed stays the same the frequency icreases, this means that the waves become shorter and w more energy

24
white light properties
comes from lamps and the sun contains all colours
25
infrared properties
all objects emit hotter = more infrared radiation absorbed into our skin
26
devices that use infrared radiation
remotes scanners to detect radiation to see people in dark through heat they emit heats rooms and foods
27
uses of microwaves
carries satelite links, they can travel between space and earth and also spread out much less as they are shorter heats food by penetrating and being absorbed by the water mollecules
28
shortest radio wave uses
tv broadcasting, carries more info
29
hazards of waves
infrared heats and kills skin cells micro and radio penetrations bodies ad heats it enternally
30
mid length radio wave uses
carries local radio as they have a limited range
31
logest radio wave uses
carrkes national and international radio news as they have a much longer range as the WL is longer
32
quick explanation of how radio signals carry
- the microphoe is reached by sound waves and produces an audio signal, this is taken in waves to the transmitter as are carrier waves from a oscillator - the audio signal modulates the carrier waves, these are supplied to the tramitter ariel which carries the signal - the ariel recives the modulated AC which emits waves carrying the signal, it is then absorbed by the reciever - the reciever then gets tje same oscillations through the curret as the frequency of the radio waves - finally, the reciever separates the audio from the carrier waves and supplies the audio signal to a loudspeaker whihc can send out sound waves the same as the waves recieved by the microphone when it produced an audio signal
33
what are optical fibres
thin glass which tramsit signals carried by light and infrared radiation
34
pros of optical fibres
- light/ infrared has a shorter wavelength and so ca carry much more info - signals stay in the fibre and so are more secure
35
dangerous of radiation/ UV rays
shorter and so more energy than visable light harms human eye and can be blidning too much from sun can cause cancer and perminently age the skin low doses can cause canerous growth and gene mutation
36
reasons for sim propeties of x ray and gamma rays
both v short wavelengths so more ifo, less area convered and less range carry lots of energy
37
how much can X/ gamma rays pass through
penetrate anything not too dense, can be stopped by thick lead
38
how do X and Gamma rays differ
x rays are produced whe electrons stop moving gamma are produced when unstable nucleas release energy gamma are shorter so can peentrate more w more energy
39
uses of gamma rays
- exposing food to it kills 99% of disease carrying orgnaisms - surgical instruments can be 99% cleaned of bacteria to stop any risk of infection - can be exposed to cancer cells- aimed just at the tumour can destroy it but not the surroudning tissue
40
ionisation meaning
when a high energy ray passes through a subatnce it can knock an electron off an atom giving it a pos charge- this can damage or kill the cell
41
how does an x ray occur
x ray tube is turned on, electros pass through the body part they go strait through weaker areas but more dense sections are absrobed such as bones, making that part of the film lighter as it is not reached by the x rays which have been absrobed theres a screen with a CCD senor that converts x rays to light, the light makes electronic signals that display a digital image
42
how to x ray a softer organ
the patients organ can be filled with a contrast medium which is a substance that will easily absorb the x rays
43
what does a radiation dose depend on
type of radiation used how long body is exposed to it eergy absrobed per sec by the body
44
dif between x rays used for images and destroying cells
therapy x rays have a smaller WL so they have a lot more energy and are more penetrating lower energy imaging x rays can be absorbed by bones
45
examples of longitudinal waves
sound waves seismic p waves
46
whats frequency measured in
hz
47
examples of transverse waves
electromagnetic water on a string
48
law of reflection
angle of incidece = angle of relfection
49
waves that carry signal
carrier waves
50
the shorter the wavelength of radio/microwaves
-more info carried - shorter range - less spread out
51
whats an oscillioscope
device that displays the amps frequency and voltage of a current
52
uses of uv radiation
flurosent lights tanning beds checking for invisible lights sterilising water by destroying microorgnaisms
53
uses of visable light
cameras optical fibres
54
whats fluroescnce
UV radiation being absorbed and then readmitted as visable light

physics gcse (14 decks)

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