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Chemistry > Water Technology > Flashcards

Water Technology Flashcards

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1
Q

hard water

A

which doesnt produce a ready and permanent lather with soap solution

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2
Q

what causes hardness of water

A

presence of dissolved salts of Ca, Mg and some other heavy metals

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3
Q

what causes temporary hardness

A

presence of bicarbonates of Ca, Mg and other heavy metals, carbonates of Fe and bicarbonate of sodium

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4
Q

how can hardness of water be removed

A

simple boiling

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5
Q

what causes permanent hardness

A

presence of chloride and sulphate of Ca, Mg, Fe and other heavy metals

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6
Q

parts per million

A

number of parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present in 10^6 parts of water

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7
Q

milligram per litre

A

number of milligrams of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present in 1 L of water

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8
Q

clarkes degree

A

number of parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present in 7000 parts of water

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9
Q

frenche degree

A

number of parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present in 10^5 parts of water

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10
Q

why is conc of dissolved impurities present in water usually expressed in terms of equivalents of calcium carbonate salt

A

1) molec weight is 100 and equivalent weight 50, convenient for calc
2) CaCO3 is most insoluble substance formed during water treatment

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11
Q

troubles in boilers

A

1) scale and sludge formation
2) caustic embrittlement
3) boiler corrosion
4) priming and foaming

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12
Q

external treatment method

A

removing hardness producing salts from water outside the industrial equipment

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13
Q

polymer ion exchange process

A

external treatment method in which temporary and permanent hardness can be removed

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14
Q

2 types of ion exchange resins

A

cation

anion

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15
Q

differentiate between cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin

A 
cation:
contains acidic functional grps
RH2
eg. sulphonated coal
Dowex-50
anion:
contains basic func grps
R(OH)2
eg. phenol formaldehyde
Dowex-3
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16
Q

mixed bed deioniser

A

consist of single cylinder containing an intimate mixture of strongly acidic cation exchanger and strongly basic anion exchanger

17
Q

advantages of mixed bed deionizer

A

1) water containing high acidity and alkalinity can be purified
2) water with low residual hardness is obtained
3) the softened water is completely free from all the salts

18
Q

desalination

A

process of removing extra common salt from water

19
Q

principle of reverse osmosis

A

when a P higher than osmotic P is applied externally, osmosis takes place in opposite direction

20
Q

osmosis

A

passage of solvent molecules from a lower conc region to higher conc region through a semi permeable membrane

21
Q

ultra filtratiion membrane

A

used for RO process

22
Q

advantages of ultrafiltration membrane

A

1) low capital cost
2) removes colloidal silica
3) removes ionic, non ionic, colloidal and high molec weight organic impurities

23
Q

applns of ultrafiltration membrane

A

prodn of purified drinking water

purifying water for mixing beverages, ice making, cooking

24
Q

potable water

A

water safe to drink

25
Q

sedimentation with coagulation

A

removing fine suspended and colloidal impurities

26
Q

chemical methods of disinfection

A 
addn of potassium permanganate
addn of bleaching powder
using chloramine
addition of O3
addn of liq Cr
27
Q

phy methods of disinfection

A

simple boiling
passing UV
passing sun light

28
Q

advantages of chlorination

A 
effective and economical
requires less space for storage
stable
introduces no salt impurities
most ideal
29
Q

disadvantages of chlorination

A

excess -> unpleasant taste and odour

  • > irritation
  • > precipitates other ingredients present
30
Q

break point of chlorination

A

addn of Cl to the point tht it kills all and completely destroys impurities

31
Q

advantages of disinfectation by UV

A 
environment friendly
highly effective 
no toxic byprods
removes other org and toxic contaminants
very less contact time
improves taste
32
Q

advantages of O3 disinfection

A

O3 sterilizes, bleaches, decolourises and deodurises
effective and rapid
chemical free
no regrowth

33
Q

disadvantages of O3 disinfection

A

expensive

special mixing techniques

34
Q

saturation level of O2

A

max conc of dissolved O2 that would be present in water at a specific temp in the abs of other factors

35
Q

winkler method

A

to measure dissolved O2 level in fresh water systems

36
Q

factors affecting DO

A 
climate
altitude
dissolved or suspended solids
amt of nutrients 
org wastes
groundwater flow
type and no. of organisms in water body
37
Q

Biochem Oxygen Demand

A

amt of O2 req for biochem oxdn of org matters present in a sewage under aerobic condn at 20oC for 5 days

38
Q

chemical oxygen demand

A

o2 req for complete oxdn of org matter present in sewage in the presence of strong chem oxidising agents

Chemistry (10 decks)

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