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Nutrition > Water Soluble Vitamins and Vitamin Like Substances > Flashcards

Water Soluble Vitamins and Vitamin Like Substances Flashcards

1
Q

Usually abundant in feeds.

A

Water Soluble Vitamins

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2
Q

WSV Exist in nature in

A

Active form

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3
Q

Usually readily ——–. Absorption not influenced by —.

A

absorbed; fat

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4
Q

H—-, p—–, and s—— can destroy these vitamins.

A

Heat, pressure, and steam

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5
Q

can destroy these Water Soluble vitamins.

A

Heat, pressure and steam

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6
Q

will limit access of animals to these
vitamins.

A

Confinement system (housing)

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7
Q

usually are able to synthesize all B vitamins.

A

Rumen bacteria

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8
Q

Microorganism in the —– — ———are capable of synthesizing these vitamins but the amount is usually not enough to
meet their needs.

A

Ceca of Monogastric

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9
Q

are seldom added to ruminants’ diet unless they have
been severely “off-fed” which results in massive death of rumen
microorganisms.

A

B vitamins

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10
Q

Storage in the body is —— (except —) such that continuous
supply of the vitamins is needed.

A

minimal; B12

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11
Q

Excesses are excreted via —– in WSV

A

urine

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12
Q

Hypervitaminosis is —- in WSV.

A

Rare

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13
Q

Water soluble vitamins are involved in ————— which function in the direct metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates and ————— throughout the body, transmission of nerve impulses and RBC formation.

A

enzyme systems; transfer of energy

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14
Q

Considered to be the oldest vitamin.

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

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15
Q

Deficiency of this causes ———- in man which is earliest documented
deficiency disorder.

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine); beri-beri

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16
Q

• Functions: An essential coenzymes in energy metabolism especially in
the TCA for energy production; has important mechanism of action in
the nervous tissue

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

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17
Q

• Deficiency symptoms: polyneuritis (head retraction in chicken); cardiovascular disturbances; anorexia (lack of desire to eat) and
emaciation (insufficient energy utilization); polioencephalomalacia in
ruminants

A

Vit. B1 (thiamine)

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18
Q

Sources of Vit. B1 (thiamine): ——————-, oilseed meals, dairy products and brewer’s yeast.

A

cereals and middlings

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19
Q

Relatively Non-Toxic Hypervitaminosis:

A

Vit. B1, B5, B7 or H, B9, B12, and C

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20
Q

Antagonists of Vit. B1 (thiamine):
• ———– (rumen microbes; fresh fish)
• ———– (coccidiostat)

A

Thiaminases; Amprolium

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21
Q

• Functions: coenzyme, FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide) and FAD (Flavin
Dinucleotide); dehydrogenase (hydrogen acceptance) –

A

Vit. B2 (Riboflavin)

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22
Q

Functions: constituent of NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) which act as hydrogen-transferring co-enzymes and participate in vital metabolic reactions (carbohydrates, fats and amino acids);

A

Vit. B3 (Niacin)

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23
Q

Functions: constituent of co-enzyme A in synthesis and degradation
processes in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

A

Vit. B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

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24
Q

Functions: coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate; amino acid decarboxylation, transamination and removal of sulfhydryl groups; participates in carbohydrate metabolism by participating in phosphorylation

A

Vit. B6 (Pyridoxine)

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25
Q

Functions: prosthetic group of carboxylase enzymes in fatty acid
synthesis, gluconeogenesis, propionic acid metabolism, and

A

Vit. B7 or H (Biotin)

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26
Q

Functions: transfer of specific C1 units (methyl and formyl groups), which
are

A

Vit. B9 (Folic Acid/Folates)

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27
Q

biologically active form is tetrahydrofolic acid

A

Vit. B9 (Folic acid/Folates)

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28
Q

Functions: production of phospholipids (e.g. lecithin) and lipoproteins; transport metabolism of fats; production of electrical signals in nerve cells (constituent of acetylcholine); constituent of most cell types (phospholipid); methyl donor in metabolism.

A

Choline

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29
Q

Functions: labile methyl group metabolism (methylation reactions –
metabolism of methionine); isomerization reactions; production of blood cells and growth

A

Vit. B12 (Cobalamine)

30
Q

Functions: removal of radicals and lipid peroxyl compounds in the cell
metabolism in cooperation with other antioxidative vitamins such as vitamin E and beta carotene; collagen formation (bones, cartilage, muscles, skin and egg shell); regulation of calcium metabolism by activating vitamin D3 metabolites; function of macrophages, granulocytes and lymphocytes in the immune system; improve fertility-linked properties such as sperm quality, follicle maturation and progesterone
synthesis; improve resorption of iron; reduction of the toxic effect of
lead, cadmium and nickel; increases antibody production.

A

Vit. C (Ascorbic Acid)

31
Q

• Deficiency symptoms: ectodermal lesions; dermatitis and hair loss;
curled toe paralysis in birds; neurological disorders.

A

Vit. B2 (Riboflavin)

32
Q

Deficiency symptoms: reduced growth, dermatitis, dementia and
diarrhea; irritability; inflammation and ulceration of mouth, tongue and
digestive tract (black tongue); increased peristalsis of the gastrointestinal
tract.

A

Vit. B3 (Niacin)

33
Q

Deficiency symptoms: dermatitis, loss of hair; greying of hair; spastic
gait, goose stepping or posterior incoordination and paralysis; enteritis; poor growth and reproduction; decreased synthesis of steroid hormones; poor appetite

A

Vit. B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

34
Q

Deficiency symptoms: convulsions, neuritis and hyperirritability;
hypochronic-microcytic anemia; increased excretion of xanthurenic acid; reduced growth, reduced feed consumption, reduced protein retention; reduced hatchability in poultry.

A

Vit. B6 (Pyridoxine)

35
Q

Deficiency symptoms: retarded growth and fertility disorders; dermatitis and loss of hair (spectacle eye in rats and mice); brittle horns and grooves and cracks in hooves in cattle, sheep and horses

A

Vit. B7 or H (Biotin)

36
Q

Deficiency symptoms: macrocytic anemia and leukopenia; cervical
paralysis in turkey; fertility problems; poor growth, bad plumage and
depigmentation, perosis.

A

Vit. B9 (Folic Acid/Folates)

37
Q

Deficiency symptoms: fatty liver and kidney degeneration; poor
reproduction and lactation.

A

Choline

38
Q

Deficiency symptoms: macrocytic anemia with megaloblastic marrow;
neurological disturbances; hatching problems in chicks; reduced
synthesis of DNA and growth disorders; lower feed conversion; rough coat and inflammation of the skin.

A

Vit. B12 (Cobalamine)

39
Q

Deficiency symptoms: susceptibility to infections and parasites, retarded
growth, bone diseases, scurvy, slow wound healing, spongy gums,
swollen joints, hemorrhaging and anemia; reduced eggshell quality;
increased susceptibility to stress factors such as heat, transport, housing changes; decreased fertility in both males and females.

A

Vit. C (Ascorbic Acid)

40
Q

Non Toxic Hypervitaminosis

A

Vit. B2 (Riboflavin)

41
Q

Hypervitaminosis: vasodilation with itching and burning of skin; fatty
liver

A

Vit. B3

42
Q

Hypervitaminosis: convulsions and death

A

Vit. B6

43
Q

Hypervitaminosis: convulsions and death

A

Vit. B6

44
Q

Hypervitaminosis: diarrhea

A

Choline

45
Q

Feedstuffs of —– origin have a low B2 content.

A

plant

46
Q

feedstuffs of —— origin are poor in B6

A

animal

47
Q

Poor availability of Biotin from feeds of —— origin

A

Plant

48
Q

Sources: protein-based feeds of animal origin, yeast and some extracted oilseed meals.

A

Choline

49
Q

• Sources: found only in feeds of animal origin (fish meal, fish solubles and skim milk); microbes will produce sufficient quantities in the rumen
provided sufficient amount of cobalt

A

Vit. B12

50
Q

• Sources: not found in many feedstuffs and degrades rapidly during
storage and processing;

A

Vit. C

51
Q

feedstuffs rich in vitamin C are

A

green forage and potatoes

52
Q

—————– can synthesize vitamin C enough to meet their requirement under normal conditions. However supplement is needed when the —- are subjected to stress

A

Poultry species; birds

53
Q

– is a constituent of the folic
acid molecule. —- is a growth promoter and is found in
great number of feeds.

A

p-Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA)

54
Q

acts a methyl group donor in metabolism and
together with choline and methionine is a lipotropic factor
(protection against fatty liver).

A

Betaine

55
Q
  • it has a lipotropic effect in preventing fatty liver; livestock are capable of producing sufficient quantities of
    ——- and use it for the synthesis of phospholipids and
    lipoproteins.
A

Inositol

56
Q

These fatty acids play an important role as constituents of membrane lipids and as prostaglandin precursors.

A

Essential Fatty Acids

57
Q

Mammals are not capable of ——-
synthesis of these molecules

A

de novo

58
Q

carrier
in fat metabolism to transport active
fatty acids into the mitochondria for
energy metabolism, and as a storage
site for activated acetyl radicals.
Such function is of great importance
when the muscles work extremely
hard, in ketotic situations and during
periods of hunger

A

carnitine (L carnitine)

59
Q

is mainly linked to cholic
acid (taucholic acid).

A

Taurine

60
Q

is present as bile salt (in gall
bladder) and takes part in fat
degradation.

A

Taucholic acid

61
Q

It also plays an
important role in the development
of the central nervous system.

A

Taurine

62
Q

oxidation and reduction processes for producing and breaking down fatty acids and
amino acids.

A

B2

63
Q

key functions in energy metabolism.

A

B3

64
Q

Production of acetylcholine for the function of neural cells; pigmentation
of hair

A

B5

65
Q

decomposition of leucine; synthesis of DNA and RNA (via purine
synthesis)

A

B7

66
Q

important for cell growth, cell division and cell differentiation in the
metabolism of proteins and of DNA and RNA; together with B12, it
converts homocysteine into methionine.

A

B9

67
Q

DHA

A

22:6

68
Q

DPA

A

22:5

69
Q

EPA

A

20:5

70
Q

AA

A

20:4

71
Q

ALA

A

18:3

72
Q

LA

A

18:2

Nutrition (6 decks)

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