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Nutrition > Minerals (Macro and Micro) > Flashcards

Minerals (Macro and Micro) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions:
• Structural material for bone
and teeth
• Transmission of nerve
impulses
• Muscle contraction
• Necessary for blood clotting
• Controls permeability of cells

A

Calcium

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2
Q

Functions:
• Formation of teeth and bone.
• Blood buffering.
• Carbohydrate metabolism (hexose
and triose-phosphates or as
inorganic phosphates)
• Component of phospholipid, nucleic
acids and nucleotides.
• Transfer of energy in muscular
contraction (AMP, ADP, ATP -
provide available energy to
muscles).

A

Phosphorus

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3
Q

Functions:
• as an electrolyte and in water
balance; found as an intracellular
ion.
• Along with magnesium, it is an
activator for the metabolic enzyme
pyruvic kinase.
• In muscle contraction and
transmission of nerve impulses
• Along with magnesium, potassium
is used to activate choline acetylase
in resynthesis with acetylcholine

A

Potassium

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4
Q

Functions:
• Osmotic pressure regulation
• Basic element in regulating
neutrality of blood
• Promotes feed consumption
• Control of water metabolism
• Transmission of nerve impulses

A

Sodium

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5
Q

Functions:
• With sodium, involved in
regulation of osmotic pressure
and acid base balance
• Chief anion in gastric juice
• Chloride shift - important in the
carriage of CO2
in the blood
• Major electrolyte in controlling
the solubility of proteins such as
globulin

A

Chlorine

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6
Q

Required for bone formation
• Activation of enzymes concerned
in carbohydrate metabolism. In
extracellular fluids, it
complements with calcium for
formation of choline esterase and
function in muscle contraction

A

Magnesium

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7
Q

Functions:
• Component of chondroitin
sulfate which with protein is the
cement substance of bone and
cartilage - the requirement is
rather large
• Component of methionine,
cystine and cysteine
• Biotin and thiamine contain
sulfur

A

Sulfur

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8
Q

Functions:
• Part of the molecule of vitamin
B12.
• Activator of peptidases (enzyme
for protein digestion)

A

Cobalt

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9
Q

Functions:
• Necessary for the formation of
thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)
• Necessary for the proper
development of the thyroid gland
in developing fetus

A

Iodine

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10
Q

Functions:
• Functions in many enzyme
systems such as bone
phosphatase and decarboxylase
• Activator for some peptidases,
muscle ATPase, arginase and
choline esterase

A

Manganese

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11
Q

Functions:
• Has a wide role in many enzyme
systems such as carbonic
anhydrase in red cells,
carboxypeptidase in the
pancreas, alcohol and glutamic
dehydrogenase in the pancreas
and liver and lactic
dehydrogenase in the muscles
• Constituent of insulin

A

Zinc

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12
Q

Functions:
• Levels of 1.0-1.5 ppm are
considered helpful for development
of teeth and bone with lowest
incidence of dental caries.
• The beneficial effect of —— in
preventing dental caries is
attributed to the inhibition of acid-
forming enzymes or in making
enamel more resistant to bacterial
attack.

A

Fluorine

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13
Q

Functions:
• Assists in preventing muscular
dystrophy
• Curing some symptoms of
exudative diathesis in chicks.
• Component of the enzyme
glutathione peroxidase.

A

Selenium

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14
Q

Functions:
• Component of hemoglobin and
myoglobin
• Component of many enzymes
especially those acting in transfer
of hydrogen or electrons such as
cytochromes, cytochrome
oxidase, some flavoproteins and
xanthine oxidase

A

Iron

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15
Q

Functions:
• ——- is essential for hemoglobin formation
• Function in some of the enzyme
systems.
• Prosthetic group of the respiratory
pigments – hemocyanins - for
marine forms of life.
• Component of plants and animal
enzymes and proteins such as the
flavo-proteins involved in electron
transfer.

A

Copper

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16
Q

Functions:
• Component of some enzyme
systems (e.g. phosphate
metabolism)

A

Molybdenum

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17
Q

Functions:
• Involved in glucose metabolism; enhances action of insulin

A

Chromium

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18
Q

Functions:
• Glucose metabolism; factor for the activity of dehydrogenases,
transaminases and alpha-amylase

A

Nickel

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19
Q

Functions:
• Lymphocyte activation
• Glucose metabolism (increase insulin sensitivity)
• Amino acid metabolism
• Calcium influx associated with the beat to beat control of the force of
contraction in atria.
• Body enzymes - activation of adenylate cyclase.

A

Vanadium (V)

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20
Q

Functions:
• Involved in bone and cartilage formation; collagen and
glycosaminoglycan formation.

A

Silicon

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21
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Tetany and milk fever
• Rickets
• Osteomalacia

A

Calcium

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22
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• With Ca, it is involved in
rickets, osteomalacia
• Depraved appetite - bone and
wood chewing
• Poor feed utilization
• Low feed consumption
• Emaciation
• Reproductive failures and less
production

A

Phosphorus

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23
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Difficult to describe, other
than effects on growth rate
and production of spasms or
tetany experimentally.

A

Potassium

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24
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Retarded growth, loss in weight,
appetite, rough coat, dull eyes
• Reproductive failures
• Decreased protein and energy
utilization
• Cannibalism in hens
• Reduce urine excretion and
plasma volume; increased blood
viscosity, peripheral circulation
collapse
• Craving for salt indicated by
licking wood, eating soil or sweat

A

Sodium

25
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Abdominal cramps
• Weakness
• Rapid weight loss
• Cardiovascular disturbances
• Cerebral edema which
causes mental confusion and
collapse of circulatory
function

A

Chlorine

26
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Grass tetany or grass
staggers; head retraction
• Reddening of the skin
• Loosening of teeth and
changes in gums

A

Magnesium

27
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Poor appetite
• Loss of wool
• Lacrimation
• Salivation
• Weakness
• Emaciation

A

Sulfur

28
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Loss of appetite
• Propionic acid accumulation due to
lack of vitamin B12.
• Reduced production
• Dry, harsh and lusterless coat
• Pale mucus membranes
• Rapid pulse and breathing upon
exercise
• Constipation in some cases and
diarrhea in others
• General emaciation
• Anemia

A

Cobalt

29
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Enlarged thyroid gland
• Slowing of metabolism, development and maturation of all tissues is affected
• Development of hair, fur and feathers is decreased.
• Abnormal fetal development and may result in stillborn (dead at birth) that are hairless
• Reproduction performance in adults is affected by degeneration of testis or lack of sperm production. Fetus may be resorbed.
• The production of eggs is reduced with low hatchability.

A

Iodine

30
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Affects reproduction by delayed
sexual maturity, irregular ovulation,
young born weak or dead with little
milk production in the dam
• Is a factor in the slipped tendon
syndrome noted in young chicks in
which the hock joint swells and
tendon slips from the groove pulling
the leg to one side.
• Bone defects have been noted in
other animals as well, resulting in
crooked and poorly deformed limbs,
knuckled-over shoulders

A

Manganese

31
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Poor growth of animal and of hair, wool
or feathers
• Alopecia or parakeratosis
• Dermatitis
• Thickening of hocks and bones
• Sterility of males and testicular
degeneration
• Respiration may be abnormal
• Appetite may be depressed or abnormal
such as wool eating in sheep
• Anemia

A

Zinc

32
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Excessive intakes are more of a
concern than are deficiencies in
livestock production because of its
presence in high levels in the
drinking water and forages of
certain areas
• If present in excess, teeth and
bone become brittle.

A

Fluorine

33
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Similar to those of vit E deficiency
• White muscle disease in lambs and
calves
• Retained placenta in cows
• Heart failure
• Paralysis
• Poor growth
• Low fertility
• Liver necrosis
• Pancreatic fibrosis

A

Selenium

34
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Nutritional anemia
• Thumps in swine, heartbeat rapid,
run-down condition with swelling
and head, shoulders, wrinkled flabby
skin.
• Less cytochrome C, myoglobin,
ferritin in tissues.
• Pale mucus membranes, loss of
pigment in feathers.
• Poor disease resistance.
• Cement disease - iron deficiency in
pigs with no access to dirt.

A

Iron

35
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Steely string in sheep - characterized by loss of crimp and breaks in fleece, no elasticity.
• Swayback disease - incoordination in locomotion, especially hindlegs.
• Scours - complicated with excess
molybdenum.
• Sudden death - falling disease in
Australia, calves appear to stand on toes, fibrosis of myocardia, less cytochrome oxidase.
• Depigmentation of hair - no conversion of tyrosine to melanin

A

Copper

36
Q

Deficiency symptoms:
• Scours
• Weight loss
• Disturbed metabolism
• Reproductive failure
• Bone abnormalities

A

Molybdenum

37
Q

Almost any compound fed in large excess can become —– to animals.

A

Toxic

38
Q

For some minerals the borderline between safety and toxicity is

A

very small.

39
Q

Toxicity does not necessarily mean death but also mean

A

greatly reduced performance.

40
Q

Certain mineral elements which may cause toxicity at relatively low levels include

A

copper, selenium, and fluoride

41
Q

Minerals are divided into

A

Macrominerals and Microminerals

42
Q

minerals needed in large amount; need for these minerals is expressed as percentage of the diet.

A

Macro minerals

43
Q

minerals needed in small amount; need for these minerals is expressed as ppm (parts per million) or ppb (parts per billion)

A

Micro minerals

44
Q

For a particular mineral to be regarded as essential, it must be
demonstrated that the mineral
1. is an —————
2. plays a role in
—————-
3. its removal from the diet ———————–that
could be reversed by the addition of the mineral in question

A

active part of the structure of the body
some enzyme, hormone or other compounds
may cause specific deficiency symptom

45
Q

Minerals present in animals’ body without known function are called

A

adventitious minerals.

46
Q

Minerals are the main constituents in the —————

A

ash fraction of a feed

47
Q

The mere presence of a mineral in a feed or even in an animal carcass does not necessarily prove that such mineral is ———.

A

essential

48
Q

The chemical elements, excluding C, H, O and N (non-mineral elements) regarded as essential for the proper nutrition of animals are referred to as the ———— ———

A

inorganic or mineral elements

49
Q

important in the
carriage of CO2
in the blood

A

Chloride Shift

50
Q

causes mental confusion and
collapse of circulatory
function

A

Cerebral Edema

51
Q

accumulation due to
lack of vitamin B12.

A

Propionic Acid

52
Q

iron deficiency in
pigs with no access to dirt

A

Cement Disease

53
Q
  • characterized by
    loss of crimp and breaks in fleece, no
    elasticity.
A

Steely string in sheep

54
Q

incoordination in
locomotion, especially hindlegs.

A

Swayback disease

55
Q

complicated with excess
molybdenum.

A

Scours

56
Q

falling disease in
Australia, calves appear to stand on toes,
fibrosis of myocardia, less cytochrome
oxidase.

A

Sudden death

57
Q

no conversion
of tyrosine to melanin

A

Depigmentation of Hair

58
Q

Prosthetic group of the respiratory
pigments – - for
marine forms of life.

A

Hemocyanins

Nutrition (6 decks)

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