Minerals (Macro and Micro) Flashcards
Functions:
• Structural material for bone
and teeth
• Transmission of nerve
impulses
• Muscle contraction
• Necessary for blood clotting
• Controls permeability of cells
Calcium
Functions:
• Formation of teeth and bone.
• Blood buffering.
• Carbohydrate metabolism (hexose
and triose-phosphates or as
inorganic phosphates)
• Component of phospholipid, nucleic
acids and nucleotides.
• Transfer of energy in muscular
contraction (AMP, ADP, ATP -
provide available energy to
muscles).
Phosphorus
Functions:
• as an electrolyte and in water
balance; found as an intracellular
ion.
• Along with magnesium, it is an
activator for the metabolic enzyme
pyruvic kinase.
• In muscle contraction and
transmission of nerve impulses
• Along with magnesium, potassium
is used to activate choline acetylase
in resynthesis with acetylcholine
Potassium
Functions:
• Osmotic pressure regulation
• Basic element in regulating
neutrality of blood
• Promotes feed consumption
• Control of water metabolism
• Transmission of nerve impulses
Sodium
Functions:
• With sodium, involved in
regulation of osmotic pressure
and acid base balance
• Chief anion in gastric juice
• Chloride shift - important in the
carriage of CO2
in the blood
• Major electrolyte in controlling
the solubility of proteins such as
globulin
Chlorine
Required for bone formation
• Activation of enzymes concerned
in carbohydrate metabolism. In
extracellular fluids, it
complements with calcium for
formation of choline esterase and
function in muscle contraction
Magnesium
Functions:
• Component of chondroitin
sulfate which with protein is the
cement substance of bone and
cartilage - the requirement is
rather large
• Component of methionine,
cystine and cysteine
• Biotin and thiamine contain
sulfur
Sulfur
Functions:
• Part of the molecule of vitamin
B12.
• Activator of peptidases (enzyme
for protein digestion)
Cobalt
Functions:
• Necessary for the formation of
thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)
• Necessary for the proper
development of the thyroid gland
in developing fetus
Iodine
Functions:
• Functions in many enzyme
systems such as bone
phosphatase and decarboxylase
• Activator for some peptidases,
muscle ATPase, arginase and
choline esterase
Manganese
Functions:
• Has a wide role in many enzyme
systems such as carbonic
anhydrase in red cells,
carboxypeptidase in the
pancreas, alcohol and glutamic
dehydrogenase in the pancreas
and liver and lactic
dehydrogenase in the muscles
• Constituent of insulin
Zinc
Functions:
• Levels of 1.0-1.5 ppm are
considered helpful for development
of teeth and bone with lowest
incidence of dental caries.
• The beneficial effect of —— in
preventing dental caries is
attributed to the inhibition of acid-
forming enzymes or in making
enamel more resistant to bacterial
attack.
Fluorine
Functions:
• Assists in preventing muscular
dystrophy
• Curing some symptoms of
exudative diathesis in chicks.
• Component of the enzyme
glutathione peroxidase.
Selenium
Functions:
• Component of hemoglobin and
myoglobin
• Component of many enzymes
especially those acting in transfer
of hydrogen or electrons such as
cytochromes, cytochrome
oxidase, some flavoproteins and
xanthine oxidase
Iron
Functions:
• ——- is essential for hemoglobin formation
• Function in some of the enzyme
systems.
• Prosthetic group of the respiratory
pigments – hemocyanins - for
marine forms of life.
• Component of plants and animal
enzymes and proteins such as the
flavo-proteins involved in electron
transfer.
Copper
Functions:
• Component of some enzyme
systems (e.g. phosphate
metabolism)
Molybdenum
Functions:
• Involved in glucose metabolism; enhances action of insulin
Chromium
Functions:
• Glucose metabolism; factor for the activity of dehydrogenases,
transaminases and alpha-amylase
Nickel
Functions:
• Lymphocyte activation
• Glucose metabolism (increase insulin sensitivity)
• Amino acid metabolism
• Calcium influx associated with the beat to beat control of the force of
contraction in atria.
• Body enzymes - activation of adenylate cyclase.
Vanadium (V)
Functions:
• Involved in bone and cartilage formation; collagen and
glycosaminoglycan formation.
Silicon
Deficiency symptoms:
• Tetany and milk fever
• Rickets
• Osteomalacia
Calcium
Deficiency symptoms:
• With Ca, it is involved in
rickets, osteomalacia
• Depraved appetite - bone and
wood chewing
• Poor feed utilization
• Low feed consumption
• Emaciation
• Reproductive failures and less
production
Phosphorus
Deficiency symptoms:
• Difficult to describe, other
than effects on growth rate
and production of spasms or
tetany experimentally.
Potassium
Deficiency symptoms:
• Retarded growth, loss in weight,
appetite, rough coat, dull eyes
• Reproductive failures
• Decreased protein and energy
utilization
• Cannibalism in hens
• Reduce urine excretion and
plasma volume; increased blood
viscosity, peripheral circulation
collapse
• Craving for salt indicated by
licking wood, eating soil or sweat
Sodium
Deficiency symptoms:
• Abdominal cramps
• Weakness
• Rapid weight loss
• Cardiovascular disturbances
• Cerebral edema which
causes mental confusion and
collapse of circulatory
function
Chlorine
Deficiency symptoms:
• Grass tetany or grass
staggers; head retraction
• Reddening of the skin
• Loosening of teeth and
changes in gums
Magnesium
Deficiency symptoms:
• Poor appetite
• Loss of wool
• Lacrimation
• Salivation
• Weakness
• Emaciation
Sulfur
Deficiency symptoms:
• Loss of appetite
• Propionic acid accumulation due to
lack of vitamin B12.
• Reduced production
• Dry, harsh and lusterless coat
• Pale mucus membranes
• Rapid pulse and breathing upon
exercise
• Constipation in some cases and
diarrhea in others
• General emaciation
• Anemia
Cobalt
Deficiency symptoms:
• Enlarged thyroid gland
• Slowing of metabolism, development and maturation of all tissues is affected
• Development of hair, fur and feathers is decreased.
• Abnormal fetal development and may result in stillborn (dead at birth) that are hairless
• Reproduction performance in adults is affected by degeneration of testis or lack of sperm production. Fetus may be resorbed.
• The production of eggs is reduced with low hatchability.
Iodine
Deficiency symptoms:
• Affects reproduction by delayed
sexual maturity, irregular ovulation,
young born weak or dead with little
milk production in the dam
• Is a factor in the slipped tendon
syndrome noted in young chicks in
which the hock joint swells and
tendon slips from the groove pulling
the leg to one side.
• Bone defects have been noted in
other animals as well, resulting in
crooked and poorly deformed limbs,
knuckled-over shoulders
Manganese
Deficiency symptoms:
• Poor growth of animal and of hair, wool
or feathers
• Alopecia or parakeratosis
• Dermatitis
• Thickening of hocks and bones
• Sterility of males and testicular
degeneration
• Respiration may be abnormal
• Appetite may be depressed or abnormal
such as wool eating in sheep
• Anemia
Zinc
Deficiency symptoms:
• Excessive intakes are more of a
concern than are deficiencies in
livestock production because of its
presence in high levels in the
drinking water and forages of
certain areas
• If present in excess, teeth and
bone become brittle.
Fluorine
Deficiency symptoms:
• Similar to those of vit E deficiency
• White muscle disease in lambs and
calves
• Retained placenta in cows
• Heart failure
• Paralysis
• Poor growth
• Low fertility
• Liver necrosis
• Pancreatic fibrosis
Selenium
Deficiency symptoms:
• Nutritional anemia
• Thumps in swine, heartbeat rapid,
run-down condition with swelling
and head, shoulders, wrinkled flabby
skin.
• Less cytochrome C, myoglobin,
ferritin in tissues.
• Pale mucus membranes, loss of
pigment in feathers.
• Poor disease resistance.
• Cement disease - iron deficiency in
pigs with no access to dirt.
Iron
Deficiency symptoms:
• Steely string in sheep - characterized by loss of crimp and breaks in fleece, no elasticity.
• Swayback disease - incoordination in locomotion, especially hindlegs.
• Scours - complicated with excess
molybdenum.
• Sudden death - falling disease in
Australia, calves appear to stand on toes, fibrosis of myocardia, less cytochrome oxidase.
• Depigmentation of hair - no conversion of tyrosine to melanin
Copper
Deficiency symptoms:
• Scours
• Weight loss
• Disturbed metabolism
• Reproductive failure
• Bone abnormalities
Molybdenum
Almost any compound fed in large excess can become —– to animals.
Toxic
For some minerals the borderline between safety and toxicity is
very small.
Toxicity does not necessarily mean death but also mean
greatly reduced performance.
Certain mineral elements which may cause toxicity at relatively low levels include
copper, selenium, and fluoride
Minerals are divided into
Macrominerals and Microminerals
minerals needed in large amount; need for these minerals is expressed as percentage of the diet.
Macro minerals
minerals needed in small amount; need for these minerals is expressed as ppm (parts per million) or ppb (parts per billion)
Micro minerals
For a particular mineral to be regarded as essential, it must be
demonstrated that the mineral
1. is an —————
2. plays a role in
—————-
3. its removal from the diet ———————–that
could be reversed by the addition of the mineral in question
active part of the structure of the body
some enzyme, hormone or other compounds
may cause specific deficiency symptom
Minerals present in animals’ body without known function are called
adventitious minerals.
Minerals are the main constituents in the —————
ash fraction of a feed
The mere presence of a mineral in a feed or even in an animal carcass does not necessarily prove that such mineral is ———.
essential
The chemical elements, excluding C, H, O and N (non-mineral elements) regarded as essential for the proper nutrition of animals are referred to as the ———— ———
inorganic or mineral elements
important in the
carriage of CO2
in the blood
Chloride Shift
causes mental confusion and
collapse of circulatory
function
Cerebral Edema
accumulation due to
lack of vitamin B12.
Propionic Acid
iron deficiency in
pigs with no access to dirt
Cement Disease
- characterized by
loss of crimp and breaks in fleece, no
elasticity.
Steely string in sheep
incoordination in
locomotion, especially hindlegs.
Swayback disease
complicated with excess
molybdenum.
Scours
falling disease in
Australia, calves appear to stand on toes,
fibrosis of myocardia, less cytochrome
oxidase.
Sudden death
no conversion
of tyrosine to melanin
Depigmentation of Hair
Prosthetic group of the respiratory
pigments – - for
marine forms of life.
Hemocyanins
