Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Is Found in ——– in association with lipids.
feedstuffs
FSV is Absorbed in the —- in association with lipids.
diet
FSV Usually involved in the regulation of ———- of the body (—— and ——)
structural portion
Muscles bones
Moderate to extensive storage time in —— (——- and ——, —–, ——, and —- —–)
Tissues
kidney and liver, muscles,
brain and fat tissue).
FSV is Usually exist in nature as
precursor
FSV is Relatively sensitive to ——, heat, UV light, —– —- and
specific ——.
oxidation
metal ions
enzymes
The ——- —– ——- is the most
widely distributed and
most active precursor of
vitamin A; converted to
active form in the —– and ——-
carotenoid beta-carotene
liver and intestine.
Active forms of Vitamin A
Retinol, Retinal, and Retinaldehyde
Functions:
• Normal development of various —— —— in the body
• Formation of visual purple (———-) for dim light vision
• Formation of —– and —–
• Control of growth and differentiation processes of the cellular metabolism by influencing the transcription of —– —– —- genes.
• Increase resistance to —— ——
• Antioxidative effect on cell degrading lipid radicals, resulting in
——— —– —–
(FSH and LH)
Vitamin A
epithelial tissues
(rhodopsin)
bones and collagen
infectious diseases.
increased hormonal activity
Sources of Vit. A
• In the form of its precursor carotene, vitamin A is found in ——, y——– and —– plants
• L—-, k—–, b——– c——- and e– —— are also rich in vitamin A.
carrot,
yellow maize and green plants.
Liver, kidney, butermilk, codliver oil and egg youl
Deficiency symptoms:
• Pneumonia
• Poor fertility or abortions
• Paralysis
• Night blindness
• Xerophthalmia
• Susceptibility of young to diseases.
Vitamin A
Hypervitaminosis of Vit A
Hyperostosis, hyperkeratosis
Is sensitive to heat and light
Vitamin A
Known as antirachitic factor, a group of closely related compounds that
possess antirachitic activity which may be supplied through the diet or
by irradiation of the body through sunlight exposure (hence “——– ——)
Vitamin D
(“sunshine vitamin”)
Two most prominent forms of Vit. D
Ergocalciferol (D2)
Cholecalciferol (D3)
Ergocalciferol (D2) derived from a common plant steroid
precursor
ergosterol
Cholecalciferol (D3) derived from precursor ————–
exclusively from animal products
7-dehydrocholesterol
Precursors of vit D have – ——– ——–.
no antirachitic activity
are able to convert vitamin D2
to vitamin D3
Four-legged animals (i.e. cattle, swine, horses, sheep, goats, etc.)
are not able to efficiently convert vitamin D2 to vitamin D3.
Poultry
is the primary form of vitamin D in poultry rations.
Vit. D3
• For all species, efficiency of utilization is greater for
——– as
compared to ——–.
vitamin D3;vitamin D2
The metabolically active form of vitamin D
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
(1, 25-(OH)2-D3) or calcitriol.
Calcitriol is synthesized with the addition of one hydroxyl group in the
—– and one hydroxyl group in the —– of the animal.
Liver and kidney
C28H44O
Ergocalciferol
C27H44O
Cholecalciferol
Functions:
• Absorption of —— through the intestinal wall.
• Regulates formation of a compound known as —— —— —–
• Involved in bone metabolism.
• Controls transcription of more than .
• Promotes germ cell production.
Vitamin D
Calcium
calcium binding protein.
50 genes
Functions:
• Absorption of calcium through the intestinal wall.
• Regulates formation of a compound known as —— —— —–
• Involved in bone metabolism.
• Controls transcription of more than 50 genes.
• Promotes germ cell production.
Vitamin D
calcium binding
protein.
Deficiency Symptoms of Vit. D
Rickets and Osteomalacia
disturbance of normal ossification in young animals characterized by a decreased Ca and P in the organic matrices
of cartilage and bone;
Rickets
signs include enlarged junction between bone and cartilages, curvature of the bones, tendency to drag hind legs, beaded ribs, deformed thorax and weakening of muscular tissue and susceptibility to infection.
Rickets
adult form of rickets; decreased Ca and P in
the organic matrices leading to an easily broken bones.
Osteomalacia
In poultry a deficiency of vitamin D causes the bone
and beak to become —– and —— growth is usually retarded and the legs may become bowed, ruffled feathers. Egg production is reduced and egg
quality deteriorates.
soft and rubbery,
Hypervitaminosis of Vit. D
Calcinosis
diffuse soft tissue calcification affecting, among others, the cardiovascular and respiratory
tracts.
Calcinosis
are favorable sources of vitamin
D.
Sun cured forages and fish oils
Irradiated animal sterols and fish products contain
Vit. D3
Irradiated yeast and plant products
Vit. D2
Examples of Vit. E
Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
is the most biologically
active and most widely distributed Vit. E
a-tocopherol
Functions:
• Maintains proper permeability of the ——– —–.
• Development of proper —- structure.
• Serves as an ——– (phospholipids in the cell membrane).
• There is close relationship in the functions of vitamin E and selenium in protecting the ———— from oxidation.
• Reduces the production of —– —— —— from highly unsaturated
fatty acids.
• Antitoxic effect in cell metabolism.
• Stabilization of fat in ——– (meat, milk, eggs).
Vit. E
Capillary walls
Muscle
antioxidant
cell membrane
Lipid peroxy radicals
animal products
Sources:
• Cereal grains, especially the —- and —- —— , and cereal products
• —— and in general green plants
• ——- ———- are relatively poor sources of the vitamin E
Vitamin E
oil and germ portions,
Legumes
Animal products
Vit. E
In nature, its synthesis is a function of ——- and thus their products are
by far the principal sources
plants
The vit E deficiency symptoms in farm animals are —— ——– (——–)
muscle degeneration (myopathy).
in cattle, goat and sheep affects the skeletal muscles, which is manifested
by difficulty in standing, trembling and staggering gait.
Nutritional Myopathy (muscular dystrophy or white muscle disease)
In pigs vitamin E deficiency diseases are —— and cardiac disease known as ——— ——- ——
(hemorrhagic lesions within the heart
that gives characteristic ‘mulberry‘ appearance) and ——- ——— (toxic liver dystrophy)
Myopathy
Mulberry heart disease
hepatosis dietetica
In poultry, Vit. E deficiency causes the following:
a. : It is characterized by edema, blackening of affected part, apathy and inappetance.
b. characterized by ataxia, head retraction and cycling with legs.
c.
Exudative diathesis
Nutritional Encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease)
Muscular Dystrophy
Hypervitaminosis of Vit. E
Vit. E is not toxic even at higher dose
A group of quinone compounds that have characteristic antihemorrhagic effect
Vitamin K
is the basic molecule of Vit. K and the following are the various isomers:
a. – extracted from plant materials
b. – synthesized in the liver or by microbes in the gut
c.
– simplest form; an industrial form
Napthoquinone
Phyloquinone (K1)
Menaquinone (K2)
Menadione (K3)
Functions:
• Required for the maintenance of normal levels of blood clotting factors II (———) VII (————), IX (———-) and X (——– —— —– ), all of which are synthesized in the —– (synthesis of
prothrombin).
Vitamin K
Prothrombin
Proconvertin
Christmas Factor
Stuart-prower factor
Liver
Functions:
Participation in the ———– of other proteins.
• Production of the calcium transport protein ——— for bone
mineralization.
Vit. K
Carboxylation
osteocalcin
Sources:
• Major sources of K1 are
• K2 by/from
• K3 is offered in various —— ——– menadione compounds for
animal nutrition
plant sources (fresh dark green vegetables)
bacterial flora
water-soluble
Deficiency symptoms of Vit. K
• Prolonged ———- or impairment of
• Multiple ——– (subcutaneous and
internal) can also occur and can be fatal
clotting time; blood coagulation
hemorrhages
Hypervitaminosis of Vit K:
• Excessive intake of K3 may result to
growth ——-, ——-, m————-
depression, anemia,
methemoglobinemia
