Vitamins Flashcards
The word vitamin was derived from the word “——-“ which
was coined by ——– in 1912 to describe life essential
(“vital”) accessory food factors which he thought contained
——–
Vitamine
Casimir Funk
amines (“amine”).
It is now known that only a few of the substances contain
Amino-Nitrogen
The term vitamin remained today in reference to the essential
factors in feeds which are neither classified as
carbohydrates,
fats, proteins, nor minerals.
The names of the vitamins (e.g. -,-,-,-,–,–,–, and —)
today were those used to identify such compounds upon
elucidation of their chemistry and mode of actions.
(e.g. A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B6, and B12)
There are still a number of compounds present in —– that are
biologically essential yet of unknown structure and specific
functions.
Feeds
are organic compounds
Vitamins
Vitamins are a component of ——- —- but is distinct from other nutrients
in requirements, structure, utilization or metabolism, and
functions
Natural food
Present in most foods and required in —— amounts
Minute
Essential for normal, metabolism in animals and consequently
required for —— —- and ——— functions such as
growth, development, maintenance and reproduction
Normal health
physiological
Causes a specific ——- or ——- if absent from the diet
or improperly absorbed or utilized
disease or syndrome
Unable to be synthesized by the animal in ——- —– to
meet physiological demands and therefore must be obtained
from the —-.
Sufficient amounts
Diet
Vitamins are Classified based on ——– in fat solvents or water:
a. – A, D, E and K
b. – B complex and C
Solubility
Fat-soluble vitamins (FSV)
Water-soluble vitamins (WSV)
Chemical Composition of FSV
C, H, and O
Chemical Composition of WSV
C, H, O, N, S, Co,
Precursor of FSV
Can come as ——-
Provitamin
Precursor of WSV
No precursor
Storage of FSV
Stored in the (1), (2), (3), and (4)
Liver, muscle, kidney, brain adipose tissue
Storage of WSV
No storage (except vit. —
and —– which are stored
in substantial amount in
the liver)
B12 and Biotin
Excretion of FSV
Via the Feces
Excretion of WSV
Via the Urine
Function of FSV
Involved as the
Vit A –
vit D -
vit E –
vit K –
Structural function of the body:
eye and skin
Bones
tissue lipids
blood
clotting
Function of WSV
Involved in —– ——–, in
metabolism as co——-
and co——
energy
transformation
Coenzymes and Cofactors
Absorption of FSV is associated with
Fats
Absorption of WSV
Is not associated with fats; simple process
Toxicity of FSV
Excessive doses or intakes generally result to toxicity hypervitaminosis
Toxicity of WSV
Toxicity is rare
Factors affecting availability, activity, utilization and nutritional value of vitamins
Natural Forms
Presence of Antivitamins
Preparation and Processing
Physiological
- not all vitamins in feeds are in their
absorbable/utilizable forms by the body (e.g. —— in cereals is
organic-bound which may not be absorbed immediately in the ————– and ———- requires a factor
(——— —— produced in the stomach) for its proper
absorption)
Natural forms
niacin
gastrointestinal tract (GIT);
vitamin B12
intrinsic factors
- compounds that do not
function as vitamins though they are chemically related, and
they compete with or destroy the biologically active vitamin
Presence of antivitamin
present in raw fishes can destroy thiamine
Thiaminases
- ——- ——- are
common causes of their alterations, inactivation and destruction, from collection/harvesting, drying purification, transportation, storage, or administration to the animals.
Preparation and Processing
Commercial activities
Some vitamins can be synthesized in the —
by microorganisms (e.g. - ——, — -)
gut
B complex and Vit. K
Some animals such
as rabbit practice ———- to take advantage of the nutrients
available in feces.
coprophagy
