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2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs > Water Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Name some water soluble vitamins

A
  1. Vitamin C

2. Vitamin B complex

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2
Q

Define vitamins

A

Vitamins are organic molecules required in small amounts to maintain identity

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3
Q

Why is essential that we take in vitamins/

A

As we vitamins cannot be made by the human body

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4
Q

How can vitamins we categorised?

A

Can be categorised as;

  1. Water soluble
  2. Fat soluble
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5
Q

Name some water soluble vitamins

A
  1. Vitamin C

2. Vitamin B complex

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6
Q

Name the fat-soluble vitamins

A
  1. Vitamin A
  2. Vitamin D
    3 Vitamin E
  3. Vitamin K
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7
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?

A

They accumulate in adipose tissues and can reach toxic levels

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8
Q

Why is it important hat we eat fat?

A

As fat must be present to absorb fat soluble vitamins. if they accumulate they can become toxic

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9
Q

How are excess water soluble vitamins removed from the body?

A

Via the urine

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10
Q

What form can vitamin acid be obtained in?

A
  1. Ascotbic acid

2. Ascorbate salts

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11
Q

What is the RNI for vitamin C

A

40 mg per day

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12
Q

Who needs more vitamin C: smokers or non smoker?

A

Smockers

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13
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A
  1. . It is an antioxidant
  2. Needed in the synthesis of many biomolecules (Especially vitamin C)
  3. Required for iron absorption
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14
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A
  1. . It is an antioxidant
  2. Needed in the synthesis of many biomolecules
  3. Required for iron absorption
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15
Q

Is vitamin C stored?

A

NO deficiency signs are event after approx a month of no vitamin C

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16
Q

What is the RNI?

A

The reference nutrient intakes

It is the amount of nutrients that is enough to ensure that the needs of nearly all of a population are met

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17
Q

What is the RNI?

A

The reference nutrient intakes

It is the amount of nutrients that is enough to ensure that the needs of nearly all of a population are met

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18
Q

Why does collagen synthesis require enzymes?

A

As certain prolines and lysine residues in collagen monomers are post hydroxylated to hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. This requires hydroxylases enzymes

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19
Q

What do hydroxylases enzymes require?

A

Fe2+

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20
Q

WHAT is the link between vitamin C and collagen synthesis

A

Vitamin C, as an antioxidant, is required to prevent oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ which renders the enzyme useless.
Without these added –OH groups, the 3 collagen chains forming the procollagen molecule do not hydrogen bond properly and the resulting tissue is fragile and cannot function correctly

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21
Q

Give some symptoms of scurvy

A
  1. Initial gingival inflammation
  2. impaired collagen synthesis and weakening of tissues
  3. Impaired wound healing
  4. Bleeding gingival
  5. Damage of periodontal ligament and tooth looseness due to fragility of capillaries
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22
Q

When might someone suffer from excessive vitamin C?

A

If you are taking chewable vitamin C tablets daily it can lead to severe erosion of dental enamel due to acidity and abrasiveness of these products

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23
Q

What is the vitamin B complex?

A

All essential water soluble vitamins except fro vitamin C

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24
Q

Name the members of the vitamin B complex

A 
B1 (Thaimine)
B2 (Riboflavin)
B3 (Niacin)
B5 (Pantothenic acid)
B6(Pyridoxine)
B7/B8 (Biotin)
B9 (Folate/Folic acid)
B12 (Cobalamin)
25
Q

Name the members of the vitamin B complex

A 
B1 (Thaimine)
B2 (Riboflavin)
B3 (Niacin)
B5 (Pantothenic acid)
B6(Pyridoxine)
B7/B8 (Biotin)
B9 (Folate/Folic acid)
B12 (Cobalamin)
26
Q

What are vitamins B1, B2 ,B3 AND B needed fro?

A

participate in different aspects of energy production

27
Q

What is the function of B6?

A

It is essential for amino acid and hormonal regulation

28
Q

What are the functions of B9 and B12?

A

Both required fro DNA synthesis and cellular division

29
Q

Where is vitamin B stored?

A

In the LIVER

30
Q

Which goops ofepople are more at risk of developing a vitamin B complex deficiency?

A
  1. The elderly
  2. Pregnant women
  3. Codions that can cause malabsorption of vitamin B EG Crohn’s, Celiac, HIV, and misuse of alcohol,
31
Q

What do the symptoms of vitamin B deficiency depend on?

A

depend on what type of vitamin B you lack. They can range fromfatigue andconfusionto anaemia or a compromised immune system and skin rashes also can occur

32
Q

Give some oral symptoms of vitamin B complex deficiency

A
  1. Gloassite
  2. Angular chelosis
  3. Oral Ulcers
33
Q

Name B9

A

Folate (Folic acid)

34
Q

Give some dietary sources of folate

A
  1. Green leafy vegetables
  2. Liver
  3. Nut
  4. Whole grain cereals
35
Q

What are the functions of folate (B9)?

A
  1. Biochemical reactions involved in DNA synthesis
  2. Required for cell division
  3. Role in nucleic acid synthesis in rapidly growing cell such as foetus, bone marrow cells, hair follicles, mucosal cells and cancer cells
36
Q

What are the functions of folate (B9)?

A
  1. Biochemical reactions involved in DNA synthesis
  2. Required for cell diction
  3. Role in nucleic acid synthesis in rapidly growing cell such as foetus, bone marrow cells, hair follicles, mucosal cells and cancer cells
37
Q

When does deficiency in folate occur?

A

2-3 months after eating no folate

38
Q

What does B9 deficiency cause?

A
  1. megaloblastic anaemia
  2. Hair loss
  3. Fatigue
  4. Birth defects
  5. Heart disease
39
Q

Treatment from what mimics the symptoms of folate deficiency?

A

Cancer treatment with chemotherapy (methotrexate)

40
Q

Why does cancer treatment with chemotherapy (methotrexate) replicate the symptoms of folate deficiency?

A

As Methotrexate binds to folate reductase 1000 times more tightly than folate
This inhibits the conversion of dihydrofolate into active tetrahydrofolate.

41
Q

What is methotrexate used to treat?

A

Used to tram leukaemia

42
Q

Folate may be important in protecting against what?

A

Heart diseases

43
Q

What is the link between folic acid and pregnancy?

A

Folic acid aids the closure of the neural tube during pregnancy
So moths who have an intake of folic acid lower than 400 micrograms before and during pregnancy can increase risk of baby having of neural tube defects (Spina bifida and anencephaly

44
Q

What effect does folate have on oral health

A

Pregnant women who have a sufficient count of folate have a lower chance of having a baby with cleft lip

45
Q

What is B12 called?

A

cobalamin

46
Q

What is RNI of vitamin B12

A

1.5 micrograms a dat

47
Q

Where do we get our vitamin B12 from?

A

Only produced by microorganisms – naturally we would obtain it by eating animals, eggs and dairy products (it is now added to some breakfast cereals).

48
Q

What are the function soft B12?

A
  1. Required in folate metabolism
  2. It helps to maintain the homocysteine level low, thereby protecting the heart and blood vessels.
  3. Involved in blood formation
  4. Crucial for normal nerve functioning
49
Q

How is B12 absorbed?

A

Vitamin B12 binds to a glycoprotein in the stomach
I.F s secreted by the parietal cells
Vitamin-intrinsic factor complex recognises surface receptors of mucosal cells in ileum and is absorbed.
Complex is then transported around the body bound to a specific B12 binding protein (transcobalamin) and then is stored in the liver.

50
Q

When does B12 deficient often occur

A

When insufficient intrinsic factor is produced

51
Q

Who is more at risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency?

A
  1. Elderly
  2. Dietary deficiency only found in strict vegetarians or vegans.
  3. Patients with malabsorption diseases
  4. Patients who have malabsorption due to side effects of medications such as diabetics, renal insufficiency and dementia patients
52
Q

Give some symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency

A
  1. Mental problems such as brain log, Alzheimer’s and dementia
  2. Fatigue
  3. Hair loss or thinning
  4. Chronic pain
  5. infertility
  6. Blood disorders
53
Q

What can happen if vitamin B12 deficiency remains undetected for a long term?

A

Serious neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions can arise
Nerve damage becomes irreparable

54
Q

If you have B12 deficiency which other deficiency do you usually have as well?

A

Folate deficiency

55
Q

How can folate deficiency be treated?

A

Treated with folate supplements

56
Q

How can we diagnose b12 deficiency ?

A

A specific 2 sep blood test is performed:
First test determines the holotranscobalamin content is determined
Second test the concentration of metabolic products is determined such as methylmalonic acids and homocysteine
If both tests have unfavourable results a vitamin B12 deficiency is assumed

57
Q

What oral symptoms can arise due to vitamin B12 deficiency?

A
  1. B12 deficiency has been associated with higher incidence of dental caries and gingival problems in children with systemic B12 deficiency
58
Q

Name some medications associated with nutritional deficiencies

A
  1. Proton pump inhibitors for Gastroesophageal reflux disorder can lead to vitamin B12 and C deficiency
  2. Metformin for diabetes can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency
  3. Furosemide for heart failure can lead to calcium and magnesium deficiency
  4. Levodopa for parkinsons an lead to vitamin B12 deficiency
  5. Isoniazid for tuberculosis an lead to vitamin B12 deficiency

2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs (4 decks)

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