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2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

When can mineral deficient occur?

A

When crops are grown on poor soils

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2
Q

Give examples of macro minerals

A
  1. Calcium (Ca)
  2. Magnesium (Mg)
  3. Phosphorous (P)
  4. Sodium (Na)
  5. Potassium (K)
  6. Chlorine (Cl)
  7. Sulphur (S)
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3
Q

Give examples of ‘trace eleements’

A
  1. Iron (fe)
  2. Zinc (Zn)
  3. Copper (Cu)
  4. Cobalt (Bo)
  5. Iodine (I)
  6. Chromium (Cr)
  7. Manganese
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4
Q

What is the RNI for macro minerals

A

more than 100mg/day

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5
Q

What is the RNI for trace elements

A

Less than 100mg/day

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6
Q

Name the most abundant mineral in humans

A

Calcium (Ca)

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7
Q

Where is the majority of calcium in the body found?

A

99% Found in the skeleton

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8
Q

What is the RNI for calcium?

A

700mg/day

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9
Q

At which stages in your life would you require more chocolate than usual?

A
  1. During growth
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Lactation
  4. Post menopause
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10
Q

Give some dietary sources of calcium

A
  1. Diary

2. Fortified foods like bread and orange juice

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11
Q

How much calcium is taken up though our diet?

A

15-45% Is taken up from the diet

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12
Q

From which foods is the dietary uptake of calcium poor?

A

Calcium in spinach and other leafy veg as they form a complex with oxalic acid

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13
Q

What inhibits calcium uptake and where is it found?

A

Phytate in some beans/cereals/peas/nuts inhibits Ca uptake

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14
Q

What increases calcium uptake?

A

Absorption greatly increased by parathyroid hormone and active vitamin D

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15
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A
  1. Structural in skeleton
  2. As an intracellular second messenger (like cAMP)
  3. Used in transition at synapses
  4. Muscle contraction
  5. Needed in blood clotting
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16
Q

What is calcium deficiency due to?

A

Due to:
1. calcium deficient diet
2 .Secondary D deficiency
3. Malabsorption

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17
Q

What can calcium deficiency cause?

A 
Causes ostemalacia (rickets)
Usually caused by secondary deficiency in vitamin D but isn't helped by a calcium poor diet
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18
Q

What oral problems can a calcium deficiency cause?

A
  1. Incomplete mineralisation of teeth
  2. Increased caries risk
  3. Tooth malformation
  4. Increased his of periodontal problems
  5. Increased risk for gingival detachment if calcium consumed is less than 500mg a day
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19
Q

What is an excess of calcium usually caused by?

A

Caused by hyperparathyroidism

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20
Q

Is it normal to consume too much calcium?

A

No it is hard for a healthy person to consume too much calcium in a normal diet

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21
Q

What problems are associated with excess calcium?

A
  1. Calcium salts deposited in soft tissues
  2. Renal stones
  3. Calcified arteries
  4. arrhythmias,
  5. weakness
  6. anorexia,
  7. constipation
  8. sluggish nervous response
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22
Q

What is the RNI for phosphorous?

A

550mg per day

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23
Q

When might you need to consume more phosphorous?

A

Higher during:

  1. Growth
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Lactation
  4. Post menopause
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24
Q

Give some dietary sources of phosphorous

A

Found in most foods (dietary deficiency of phosphorous is rare)

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25
Q

How much phosphorous is taken up though our diet?

A

50-70% of phosphorous in diet is absorbed

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26
Q

What increases the adsorption of phosphorous

A

Enhanced by vitamin D

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27
Q

What are the functions of phosphorous?

A
  1. Helps with calcium in mineralised tissues
  2. Is a biological buffer
  3. Hello in many biomolecules and processes (eg ATP, DNA, RNA)
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28
Q

What is a phosphorous deficiency usually caused by?

A

Usually die:

  1. to kidney disfunction
  2. alumni in antacids
  3. Total starvation
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29
Q

What effect can a severe phosphorous deficiency have?

A
  1. Will affect the functioning of all cells
  2. Impacts bone metabolism leading o rickets and osteomalacia
  3. Oral problems
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30
Q

What oral problems can phosphorous deficiency lead to?

A

1, Incomplete mineralisation of tech
2 .Increased caries
3 Rooth malformation
4. Increased risk of periodontal problem s

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31
Q

What can an excess of phosphorous cause?

A
  1. Can lead to disturbances of calcium balance

2. Increased porosity of the skeleton

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32
Q

Is calcium is a trace or macro mineral?

A

Macro molecule

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33
Q

Is iron a trace of Macro mineral?

A

Trace

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34
Q

Is phosphorous a trace or macro mineral?

A

Macro molecule

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35
Q

How much iron is lost and how?

A

Up to 1mg of iron is lost a day via gastrointestinal tract

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36
Q

Why is the required iron and RNI of iron different?

A

As iron absorption is not efficient

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37
Q

What is the required iron conc for men and what is the RNI?

A

Requried: 1mg/day
RNI: 8.7mg/day

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38
Q

Wha is the RNI for women?

A

14.8 mg/day

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39
Q

Give the 2 forms of iron found in our diet?

A
  1. Haem

2. Non haem

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40
Q

Give some dietary sources of haem iron

A
  1. Liver

2. Meat

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41
Q

Give some dietary sources of non haem iron

A
  1. Green veg

2. Cereals

42
Q

Which form of iron is absorbed faster?

43
Q

What is haem iron converted to in the body?

A

from haemoglobin or myoglobin

44
Q

Give examples of foods that can help increase the absorption of non-haem iron

A
  1. Meat proteins
  2. Vitamin C
  3. Alcohol
45
Q

Give examples of foods that decrease the absorption of non-haem iron

A
  1. Tannins
  2. Calcium
  3. Polyphenois
  4. Phytates found in legumes and whole grains
  5. Oxalate in green leafy veg
46
Q

Give examples of foods that INHIBIT the absorption of non-haem iron

A

Some proteins found in soybeans

47
Q

What causes iron deficiency

A
  1. Inadequate dietary intake of iron

2. Blood loss (Menstruation, ulcers etc)

48
Q

What can iron deficiency lead to?

49
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

Involved in many proteins and enzymes like electron transport proteins

50
Q

What problems can iron cause if It is consumed in excess?

A

Iron is toxic and is transported in blood bound to transferrin

51
Q

Where is iron stored?

A

Iron is stored and bound to ferritin bone marrow and spleen and haemosiderin in liver.

52
Q

In a 70kg man how much iron is carried in blood in transferrin?

53
Q

In a 70kg man how much iron is in red blood cells?

54
Q

In a 70kg man how much iron is in myoglobin and various enzymes?

55
Q

In a 70kg man how much iron is stored in ferritin ?

56
Q

In a 70kg man how much iron is lost per day?

57
Q

In a 70kg man how much iron is gained from the diet?

58
Q

How are iron levels controlled?

A

Via adsorption as theres no specific route by which iron is excreted

59
Q

Why is excess iron toxic?

A

As iron will e deposited in the issues which disrupts function (free radical damage)

60
Q

How has the highest risk of developing heart disease?

A

Post menopausal women have higher risk of heart disease than premenopausal
women

61
Q

Is iodine a trace macro mineral?

A

Trace element

62
Q

What is the RNI for iodine?

A

140micro grams per day

63
Q

Give some dietary sources of iodine

A
  1. Sea food

2. Dairy products

64
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A
  1. Synthesis of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland
  2. Control metabolic rate
  3. eSSENTIAL FOR BRAIN DEVELOPMENT INE ARLY LIFE
65
Q

What can iodine deficiency cause?

A
  1. Causes reduced synthesis of thyroid hormones
  2. Goitre in children and adults
  3. Mental retardation in neonates
66
Q

What is the RNI of sodium?

A

1.6mg per day

67
Q

What is the GDA of sodium set at?

A

6g per day

68
Q

Where does most dietary sodium come from?

69
Q

What are the main function software sodium?

A
  1. It is the main cation in extracellular fluid
  2. Controls ECF volume
  3. Na+ gradient is used to transport molecules
  4. Neuromuscular transmission
70
Q

What is sodium deficiency due to?

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. diarrhoea
  3. Diuretics
  4. Addison’s disease
  5. Renal problems
71
Q

What can sodium ions cause?

A

Can cause water loss and decreased plasma volume

Can lead to circulatory failure an collapse

72
Q

What can excess sodium lead to?

A

Plays a role in hypertension in sensitive individuals

73
Q

What is the RNI of potassium?

A

3.5g per day

74
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A
  1. It is the main cation in intracellular fluid
  2. Neuromuscular transmission
  3. Renal acid/base control
75
Q

What is potassium deficiency due to?

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Diarrhoea,
  3. Diuretics
  4. steroid use,
  5. Renal problems.
76
Q

What can Potassium deficiency lead to?

A

Potassium loss causes: arrhythmias

neuromuscular weakness

77
Q

What can an excess in potassium lead to?

A

Hyperkalemia which requires immediate treatment

78
Q

What is the RNI for chloride?

A

2.5mg per day

79
Q

Give some dietary sources off chloride

A
  1. Meat
  2. Sea food
  3. Eggs
  4. Salt
80
Q

What is chloride deficiency associated with?

A

It is rare and usually associated with sodium loss

81
Q

What is the function of chloride in the body?

A

It is a major anion in the body

82
Q

Is copper a trace or macro mineral?

A

Trace element

83
Q

What is the RNI for copper?

A

1.2mg per day

84
Q

Give some dietary sources of copper

A
  1. Liver
  2. Shell fish
  3. Nuts
  4. Legumes
  5. Whole grain
85
Q

What is the function os copper in the body?

A

It is required as a cofactor for may enzymes for example:

  1. Cytochrome oxidase (electron transport chain)
  2. Lysyl oxidase (cross links in collagen)
  3. Proteins associated with iron absorption
  4. Enzymes associate with synthesis of melanin
  5. Oxidant enzymes
86
Q

What can inhibit the absorption of copper?

A

Too much zinc, vitamin C or antacids cn inhibit absorption

87
Q

What are some symptoms of copper deficiency?

A
  1. Tissue fragility
  2. Fragile bones
  3. Ruptured aorta
  4. Diminished skin pigment
  5. Neurological disorders
88
Q

When can copper be an excess in the body?

A

In people suffering from Wilson’s disease which impairs copper excretion in BILE

89
Q

What can happen to someone suffering from Wilson’s disease

A

Copper can accumulate in the brain and liver causing severe damage like rings in the eyes

90
Q

What is the RNI or magnesium?

A

270mg per day

91
Q

What is the function of magnesium?

A
  1. It plays a major role in bone biology
  2. It is a cofactor for more than 30 enzymes
  3. Involved in blood clotting
  4. Activation of vitamin D
  5. DNA and RNA synthesis
  6. nerve transmission
  7. Muscle contraction
92
Q

What does Mg stabilise?

A

Stabilises ATP

93
Q

In whom is magnesium deficiency common in

A

Alcoholics

94
Q

What can magnesium deficiency cause?

A

Causes:

  1. neuromuscular spasms
  2. Arrhythmia
  3. Increased heart rate
  4. Increased fragility of bone
  5. Gingival problems
95
Q

When is excess magnesium due to?

A

Due to medication

96
Q

What can excess magnesium cause?

A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. Nausea
  3. Cramping
97
Q

Is zinc a trace or macro mineral?

A

A trace mineral

98
Q

What are the functions of zinc in the body?

A
  1. It is a co facto involved in metabolism and DNA and protein synthesis
  2. Forms zinc fingers which are involved in transcription factors that interact with DNA
99
Q

What can zinc deficiency lead to?

A
  1. Decreased DNA and protein synthesis wihich retards growth
  2. Delayed wound healing
  3. Compromised immunity
  4. Delays onset of puberty
  5. . Impais sense of taste and smell
100
Q

Give some dietary sources of chromium?

A
  1. Whole grains
  2. Potatoes
  3. Oysters
  4. Livers
  5. Seafood
  6. Cheese
  7. Chicken
  8. Neat
101
Q

What are the functions of chromium?

A

Improves insulin function by increasing insulin binding to cells, insulin receptors summer and phosphorylation

102
Q

In whom is chromium deficiency common in?

A

People who eat just refined/ processed food

2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs (4 decks)

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