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2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs > Vitamins Pantothenic acid & Biotin > Flashcards

Vitamins Pantothenic acid & Biotin Flashcards

1
Q

Name the vitamin that is important in blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

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2
Q

What is vitamin K important in ?

A

Blood clotting and the formation of mineralised tissue

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3
Q

Name the main sources of vitamin K from your diet

A
  1. Green veg
  2. Egg yolk
  3. Liver
  4. Cereals
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4
Q

Where is vitamin k made in the body?

A

Made by gut bacteria (about half of out vitamin K comes from the gut bacteria)

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5
Q

What can vitamin K deficiency be caused by?

A
  1. Lack of vitamin K in the diet
  2. long term antibiotic use decreasing levels of gut bacteria
  3. Taking anticoagulant drugs like warfarin
  4. Neworn babes have a sterile gut so can’t make vitamin K in the first week of their life
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6
Q

What is the function of vitamin K

A

It inessential in the formation of gamma carboxyglutamate carbon

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7
Q

Give examples of gamma carboxyglutamate

A

Amino acid glutamate that can a carboxyl group added to the gamma carbon end of its side chain

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8
Q

How do babies get vitamin K in the fist week of their life and why is vitamin K important for babies?

A

Babies are given a vitamin K injection after first to protect them against internal bleeding

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9
Q

How does vitamin K help in the gamma carboxylation reaction?

A

Vitamin k acts as a coenzyme

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10
Q

Why is the extra carboxyl group added to a gamma carbon in proteins?

A

the extra carboxyl group allows γ carboxyglutamate to bind calcium ions

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11
Q

Wha is the function of gamma-carboxyglutamate containing proteins

A
  1. Important in blood clotting

2. In bone mineralisation

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12
Q

Which blood clotting factors contain gamma-carboxyglutamate?

A

Clotting factors ii. Vii, IX and X

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13
Q

What effect does a vitamin K deficiency have on gamma-carboxyglutamate ?

A

THE gamma-carboxyglutamate remains as glutamate and clotting is impaired

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14
Q

How do anticoagulants like warfarin work?

A

Warfarin is antagonistic to vitamin K so inhibits the clotting by preventing gamma carboxylation
This means calcium ions can’t bind and calcium ions are required for blood clotting

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15
Q

What is used to treat warfarin poisoning?

A

Vitamin K injection

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16
Q

Name a protein important in bone mineralisation

A

Osteocalcin

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17
Q

How is gamma-carboxyglutamate used in bone mineralisation

A

As osteocalcin contains gamma-carboxyglutamate

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18
Q

What risk do babies born to mothers taking warfarin have?

A

They have a risk of having severe bone deformities (foetal warfarin syndrome)

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19
Q

What is the recommended amount of vitamin A a person should have?

A

Men: 700mg a day
Women: 600mg a day

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20
Q

What is another name for vitamin A?

A

Retinol

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21
Q

Give some sources of vitamin A we can get from our diet

A
  1. Butter
  2. Whole milk
  3. Egg you
  4. Liver
  5. Fish oils
  6. Most green/ yellow or orange vegetables
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22
Q

What happens if someone takes too much vitamin A

A

Excess intake of vitamin A is toxic and leads to:

  1. skin disorders
  2. nerve disorders
  3. Congenital foetal malformation
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23
Q

What should pregnant women avoid eating and why?

A

Liver as it contains a lot of vitamin A

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24
Q

Why can vitamin A lead to congenital foetal malformation?

A

As it is a teratogenic

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25
Q

Name the three active forms of vitamin A

A
  1. Retinal
  2. Retinoic acid
  3. B carotene
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26
Q

What is the function of retinal?

A

Retinal binds to opsin to form the visual pigment rhodopsin

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27
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

It is the pigment in the retinal rod cell which allows us to see in low light conditions

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28
Q

What is the function of retinoid acid?

A

It acts as a steroid hormone increasing the transcription of proteins controlling cell growth and differentiation of cells (important in growth and development)

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29
Q

What is B carotene

A

An antioxidant

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30
Q

What is the function of B carotene

A

It is an antioxidant important in protecting DNA against oxidative damage which may cause cancer

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31
Q

What is the MAIN function of vitamin A?

A

To control cell division and differentiation

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32
Q

Name some metabolic processes where vitamin A is important

A
  1. Immunity
  2. Bone and teeth development
  3. Reproduction
  4. Health of epithelial cells
  5. Maintaining stability of cell membranes
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33
Q

Where is vitamin A stored?

A

In the liver

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34
Q

What are mild vitamin A deficiencies characterised by?

A

Characterised by:

  1. follicular hyperkeratosis
  2. Anaemia
  3. Increased susceptibility to infection
  4. Night blindness
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35
Q

What can severe vitamin A lead to?

A

Leads to progressive keratinisation of the cornea leading to xerophthalmia

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36
Q

What can the progression of xerophthalmia lead to?

A

In the final stages infection usually sets in with resulting haemorrhaging of the eye and permanent loss of vision

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37
Q

What are some oral implications of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. Inadequate differentiation of cells leading to impaired healing
  2. Desquamation of oral mucosa
  3. Keratosis
  4. Gingival hypertrophy
  5. Loss of taste
  6. Disturbed enamel
  7. Dentine formation
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38
Q

What is vitamin A deficiency a cause of?

A

It is the most most important

preventable cause of blindness.

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39
Q

Which medicine is vitamin A often added too?

A

many medicinal skin applications (for severe acne) contain vitamin A as do some
cosmetic creams.

40
Q

What is thiamin?

A

Vitamin B1

41
Q

what is the recommended daily amount of thiamin?

A

Men: 1mg per day
Women: 0.8mg per day

42
Q

Give some sources of vitamin b1 (Thiamin) we can get from our diet

A
  1. Whole grains
  2. Pork yeast
  3. Diary products
  4. Legumes
43
Q

What is the function of thiamin?

A
  1. It is a coenzyme in several dehydrogenase enzymes involved in catabolism
  2. Important in conduction of nerve impulses
44
Q

What can thiamin deficient lead to?

A

1, Berlberi
2. Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome

45
Q

What can berlberi cause?

A

Causes:

  1. Fatigue
  2. nerve damage
  3. Heart can be affected on the high side leading to oedema
46
Q

What causes Wernicke-

Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Thiamine deficiente due to increased alcohol intake

47
Q

How does alcohol lead to thiamine deficiency?

A

Alcohol impairs intake from the diet

48
Q

What is Wernicke-

Korsakoff syndrome characterised by?

A
  1. Apathy
  2. Loss of memory
  3. Side to side motion of the eye balls
49
Q

What is thiamine advertised as and why?

A

Advertised as a vitamin that helps us to obtain energy from our food
This is because it is a coenzyme for some dehydrogenases

50
Q

What effect does thiamine deficiency have on the oral environment

A
  1. Burning tongue

2, Oral mucosal sensitivity

51
Q

What is pyridoxine?

A

Vitamin B6

52
Q

What is the recommended amount of pyridoxine?

A

men: 1.4mg per day
Women: 1.2mg per day

53
Q

What can large doses of pyridoxine lead to?

A

Severe nerve damage

54
Q

Name some dietary sources of pyridoxine

A
  1. Wheat
  2. Egg yolk
  3. Liver
  4. Fish
  5. Poultry
55
Q

What is the function of pyridoxine?

A

pyridoxine phosphate is a co enzyme in many reactions including transamination and deamination

56
Q

Name some medications that might cause pyridoxine deficiency?

A

Oral contraceptives

57
Q

Pyridoxine is sometimes given to help ease what problem?

A

Pre menstrual tension

58
Q

Who might suffer from pyridoxine deficiency?

A
  1. Babies fed formula milk
  2. Old people
  3. alcoholics
59
Q

Give some symptoms of pyridoxine deficiency

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Depression
  3. Concussion
60
Q

What does transaminase involce?

A

Involves the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid

61
Q

What is vitamin B6 attached to?

A

Attached to the transaminase enzyme in the form of pyridoxal

phosphate.

62
Q

What is tocopherol?

A

Vitamin E

63
Q

When can vitamin E deficiency occur?

A

Only occurs secondary to lipid absorption disorders since vitamin E is adsorbed in lipids
New borns may be deficient

64
Q

What does vitamin E consist of?

A

Consists of 8 vitals related to tocopherols and tocotrienois

65
Q

Name some dietary sources of vitamin E

A
  1. Green vegetables
  2. Wheat germ oils
  3. Nuts
66
Q

What is vitamin E?

A

It is an antioxidant

67
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

antioxidant. It protects vitamin A, cell membrane components, red
blood cells and low density lipoproteins (LDL) against oxidation. The proetection
of LDLs may decrease the risk of heart disease

68
Q

What can a lack in vitamin E result in?

A

Results in sterility in animals

69
Q

What is Riboflavin?

A

Vitamin B2

70
Q

What is the recommended amount of Riboflavin?

A

Men: 1.3mg per day
Women: 1.1mg per dat

71
Q

Is Riboflavintoxic?

A

no

72
Q

Give some dietary sources of Riboflavin

A
  1. Milk
  2. Eggs
  3. Liver
73
Q

What is the active form of Riboflavin

A

Active as flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) and flavin adrenaline dinucleotide (FAD)

74
Q

What is the function of Riboflavin?

A

Their active forms are FMN and FAD which are co enzymes associated with a number of oxidases and dehydrogenase
It is a vitamin that allows us to obtain energy from food

75
Q

Who is more likely to get Riboflavin deficiency?

A

It is rare except in:

  1. Alcoholics
  2. Elderly
76
Q

Give some symptoms of Riboflavin

A
  1. Cracks ad inflammation at the corners of he mouth and lips
  2. Cataracts
  3. Glossitis (Inflamed tongue)
  4. growth failure
  5. Scaliness around the nose and ears
77
Q

What is niacin?

A

Vitamin B3

78
Q

What is the recommended amount fo niacin (vitamin b3)

A

men: 17mg per day
women: 13mg per day

79
Q

Give some dietary sources of niacin

A
  1. Whole grains
  2. Milk
  3. Meat
  4. Fish
  5. Amino acid tryptophan
80
Q

What are the active forms of niacin

A

NAD

NADP

81
Q

What are the functions of niacin?

A

Active form is NAD and NADP which are co enzymes in any reactions

82
Q

What can niacin deficiency lead to?

A

Pellagra which if untreated results In death

83
Q

What is Pellagra characterised by?

A

Characterised by:
1 . a red rash on skin exposed to sun
2. Depresive psychosis

84
Q

What effect does niacin deficiency have on the oral environment?

A

inflamed and sore tongue, loss of taste

85
Q

Give some dietary sources of pantothenic acid

A

Most food but especially:

  1. Eggs
  2. Liver
  3. Yeast
86
Q

What is the function of pantothenic acid

A

pantothenic acid is part of coenzyme A

Coenzyme A is centra to metabolism and is found in may molecules

87
Q

What are some of the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency

A

Fatigue due to lack of metabolism

88
Q

Give some dietary sources of biotin

A
  1. Egg yolk
  2. Yeasts
  3. Nuts
89
Q

Where is biotin synthesised?

A

Synthesised by intestinal bacteria

90
Q

What is the function of biotin?

A

It is a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions

Carries activated carbon dioxide

91
Q

What can happen if you eat too many raw eggs?

A

Can get biotin deficiency as egg whites contains a protein called avidin which bonds to biotin and prevents its uptake

92
Q

Give another name for vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin

93
Q

Give another name for vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

94
Q

Give another name for vitamin E?

A

Tocopherol

95
Q

Give another name for vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

96
Q

Give another name for vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

2nd yr- IBMS- e lecs (4 decks)

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