Vitamins Pantothenic acid & Biotin Flashcards
Name the vitamin that is important in blood clotting
Vitamin K
What is vitamin K important in ?
Blood clotting and the formation of mineralised tissue
Name the main sources of vitamin K from your diet
- Green veg
- Egg yolk
- Liver
- Cereals
Where is vitamin k made in the body?
Made by gut bacteria (about half of out vitamin K comes from the gut bacteria)
What can vitamin K deficiency be caused by?
- Lack of vitamin K in the diet
- long term antibiotic use decreasing levels of gut bacteria
- Taking anticoagulant drugs like warfarin
- Neworn babes have a sterile gut so can’t make vitamin K in the first week of their life
What is the function of vitamin K
It inessential in the formation of gamma carboxyglutamate carbon
Give examples of gamma carboxyglutamate
Amino acid glutamate that can a carboxyl group added to the gamma carbon end of its side chain
How do babies get vitamin K in the fist week of their life and why is vitamin K important for babies?
Babies are given a vitamin K injection after first to protect them against internal bleeding
How does vitamin K help in the gamma carboxylation reaction?
Vitamin k acts as a coenzyme
Why is the extra carboxyl group added to a gamma carbon in proteins?
the extra carboxyl group allows γ carboxyglutamate to bind calcium ions
Wha is the function of gamma-carboxyglutamate containing proteins
- Important in blood clotting
2. In bone mineralisation
Which blood clotting factors contain gamma-carboxyglutamate?
Clotting factors ii. Vii, IX and X
What effect does a vitamin K deficiency have on gamma-carboxyglutamate ?
THE gamma-carboxyglutamate remains as glutamate and clotting is impaired
How do anticoagulants like warfarin work?
Warfarin is antagonistic to vitamin K so inhibits the clotting by preventing gamma carboxylation
This means calcium ions can’t bind and calcium ions are required for blood clotting
What is used to treat warfarin poisoning?
Vitamin K injection
Name a protein important in bone mineralisation
Osteocalcin
How is gamma-carboxyglutamate used in bone mineralisation
As osteocalcin contains gamma-carboxyglutamate
What risk do babies born to mothers taking warfarin have?
They have a risk of having severe bone deformities (foetal warfarin syndrome)
What is the recommended amount of vitamin A a person should have?
Men: 700mg a day
Women: 600mg a day
What is another name for vitamin A?
Retinol
Give some sources of vitamin A we can get from our diet
- Butter
- Whole milk
- Egg you
- Liver
- Fish oils
- Most green/ yellow or orange vegetables
What happens if someone takes too much vitamin A
Excess intake of vitamin A is toxic and leads to:
- skin disorders
- nerve disorders
- Congenital foetal malformation
What should pregnant women avoid eating and why?
Liver as it contains a lot of vitamin A
Why can vitamin A lead to congenital foetal malformation?
As it is a teratogenic
Name the three active forms of vitamin A
- Retinal
- Retinoic acid
- B carotene
What is the function of retinal?
Retinal binds to opsin to form the visual pigment rhodopsin
What is rhodopsin?
It is the pigment in the retinal rod cell which allows us to see in low light conditions
What is the function of retinoid acid?
It acts as a steroid hormone increasing the transcription of proteins controlling cell growth and differentiation of cells (important in growth and development)
What is B carotene
An antioxidant
What is the function of B carotene
It is an antioxidant important in protecting DNA against oxidative damage which may cause cancer
What is the MAIN function of vitamin A?
To control cell division and differentiation
Name some metabolic processes where vitamin A is important
- Immunity
- Bone and teeth development
- Reproduction
- Health of epithelial cells
- Maintaining stability of cell membranes
Where is vitamin A stored?
In the liver
What are mild vitamin A deficiencies characterised by?
Characterised by:
- follicular hyperkeratosis
- Anaemia
- Increased susceptibility to infection
- Night blindness
What can severe vitamin A lead to?
Leads to progressive keratinisation of the cornea leading to xerophthalmia
What can the progression of xerophthalmia lead to?
In the final stages infection usually sets in with resulting haemorrhaging of the eye and permanent loss of vision
What are some oral implications of vitamin A deficiency?
- Inadequate differentiation of cells leading to impaired healing
- Desquamation of oral mucosa
- Keratosis
- Gingival hypertrophy
- Loss of taste
- Disturbed enamel
- Dentine formation
What is vitamin A deficiency a cause of?
It is the most most important
preventable cause of blindness.
Which medicine is vitamin A often added too?
many medicinal skin applications (for severe acne) contain vitamin A as do some
cosmetic creams.
What is thiamin?
Vitamin B1
what is the recommended daily amount of thiamin?
Men: 1mg per day
Women: 0.8mg per day
Give some sources of vitamin b1 (Thiamin) we can get from our diet
- Whole grains
- Pork yeast
- Diary products
- Legumes
What is the function of thiamin?
- It is a coenzyme in several dehydrogenase enzymes involved in catabolism
- Important in conduction of nerve impulses
What can thiamin deficient lead to?
1, Berlberi
2. Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome
What can berlberi cause?
Causes:
- Fatigue
- nerve damage
- Heart can be affected on the high side leading to oedema
What causes Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome?
Thiamine deficiente due to increased alcohol intake
How does alcohol lead to thiamine deficiency?
Alcohol impairs intake from the diet
What is Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome characterised by?
- Apathy
- Loss of memory
- Side to side motion of the eye balls
What is thiamine advertised as and why?
Advertised as a vitamin that helps us to obtain energy from our food
This is because it is a coenzyme for some dehydrogenases
What effect does thiamine deficiency have on the oral environment
- Burning tongue
2, Oral mucosal sensitivity
What is pyridoxine?
Vitamin B6
What is the recommended amount of pyridoxine?
men: 1.4mg per day
Women: 1.2mg per day
What can large doses of pyridoxine lead to?
Severe nerve damage
Name some dietary sources of pyridoxine
- Wheat
- Egg yolk
- Liver
- Fish
- Poultry
What is the function of pyridoxine?
pyridoxine phosphate is a co enzyme in many reactions including transamination and deamination
Name some medications that might cause pyridoxine deficiency?
Oral contraceptives
Pyridoxine is sometimes given to help ease what problem?
Pre menstrual tension
Who might suffer from pyridoxine deficiency?
- Babies fed formula milk
- Old people
- alcoholics
Give some symptoms of pyridoxine deficiency
- Anaemia
- Depression
- Concussion
What does transaminase involce?
Involves the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid
What is vitamin B6 attached to?
Attached to the transaminase enzyme in the form of pyridoxal
phosphate.
What is tocopherol?
Vitamin E
When can vitamin E deficiency occur?
Only occurs secondary to lipid absorption disorders since vitamin E is adsorbed in lipids
New borns may be deficient
What does vitamin E consist of?
Consists of 8 vitals related to tocopherols and tocotrienois
Name some dietary sources of vitamin E
- Green vegetables
- Wheat germ oils
- Nuts
What is vitamin E?
It is an antioxidant
What is the function of vitamin E?
antioxidant. It protects vitamin A, cell membrane components, red
blood cells and low density lipoproteins (LDL) against oxidation. The proetection
of LDLs may decrease the risk of heart disease
What can a lack in vitamin E result in?
Results in sterility in animals
What is Riboflavin?
Vitamin B2
What is the recommended amount of Riboflavin?
Men: 1.3mg per day
Women: 1.1mg per dat
Is Riboflavintoxic?
no
Give some dietary sources of Riboflavin
- Milk
- Eggs
- Liver
What is the active form of Riboflavin
Active as flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) and flavin adrenaline dinucleotide (FAD)
What is the function of Riboflavin?
Their active forms are FMN and FAD which are co enzymes associated with a number of oxidases and dehydrogenase
It is a vitamin that allows us to obtain energy from food
Who is more likely to get Riboflavin deficiency?
It is rare except in:
- Alcoholics
- Elderly
Give some symptoms of Riboflavin
- Cracks ad inflammation at the corners of he mouth and lips
- Cataracts
- Glossitis (Inflamed tongue)
- growth failure
- Scaliness around the nose and ears
What is niacin?
Vitamin B3
What is the recommended amount fo niacin (vitamin b3)
men: 17mg per day
women: 13mg per day
Give some dietary sources of niacin
- Whole grains
- Milk
- Meat
- Fish
- Amino acid tryptophan
What are the active forms of niacin
NAD
NADP
What are the functions of niacin?
Active form is NAD and NADP which are co enzymes in any reactions
What can niacin deficiency lead to?
Pellagra which if untreated results In death
What is Pellagra characterised by?
Characterised by:
1 . a red rash on skin exposed to sun
2. Depresive psychosis
What effect does niacin deficiency have on the oral environment?
inflamed and sore tongue, loss of taste
Give some dietary sources of pantothenic acid
Most food but especially:
- Eggs
- Liver
- Yeast
What is the function of pantothenic acid
pantothenic acid is part of coenzyme A
Coenzyme A is centra to metabolism and is found in may molecules
What are some of the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency
Fatigue due to lack of metabolism
Give some dietary sources of biotin
- Egg yolk
- Yeasts
- Nuts
Where is biotin synthesised?
Synthesised by intestinal bacteria
What is the function of biotin?
It is a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions
Carries activated carbon dioxide
What can happen if you eat too many raw eggs?
Can get biotin deficiency as egg whites contains a protein called avidin which bonds to biotin and prevents its uptake
Give another name for vitamin B1?
Thiamin
Give another name for vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
Give another name for vitamin E?
Tocopherol
Give another name for vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
Give another name for vitamin B3?
Niacin
