Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards
Vitamins
Organic compounds
Small amonts in the diet
Essential for basic functions
Vitamin classes
Water soluble
Fat soluble
Vitamin C name
Ascorbic acid or ascorbate
Vitamin C function
Cofactor in synthesis of collagen
Cofactor in reactions of
carnitine/neurotransmitters
Vitamin C absorption/transport
Active transport
SVCT1/SVCT2
Water soluble, can move freely in the blood
Vitamin C storage/excretion
Excess filtered by kidneys
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
Symptoms related to maintenance of blood vessel integrity
Scurvy symptoms
Blood vessel failure
Formation of microhemorrhages
Discoloration/inflammation of gums (symmetrical)
Poor wound healing
Joint pain
Vitamin C toxicity
Nausea
Cramps
Diarrhea
Takes a lot to overdose
Vitamin C RDA
Higher for smokers
Reach saturation around 100 mg –> absorption levels off
Vitamin C sources
Broccoli
Strawberries
Citrus fruits
Kiwi
Brussel sprouts
Potatoes
B vitamins
NRG metabolism
Absorbed in SI
Vitamin B1 name
Thiamin
Form cofactor TPP
Vitamin B1 function
Coenzyme in metabolic pathways
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Vitamin B1 absorption/transport
Active transport
Diffusion at high concentration
Travels in blood bound to albumin
Vitamin B1 storage/excretion
Store a bit in the liver
Excreted in the urine
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Malnourished/homeless
Diet high in empty calories
Insufficent food intake
Beriberi
Beriberi wet form
Affects cardiovascular system
Fast heart rate
Shortness of breath
Leg swelling/edema
Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy
Beriberi dry form
Affects nervous system
Numbness in extremities
Confusion
Pain
Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy
Beriberi
Can lead to brain leisons
Can affect alcoholics
Why does deficiency affect alcoholics
Lower absorption
Increased excretion
Poor intake (alcohol = majority of diet)
Vitamin B1 RDA
Can test for deficiency using transketolase activity in RBC
Vitamin B1 sources
Pork products
Some wheat products (whole grain)
Soy milk
Vitamin B2 name
Riboflavin
Vitamin B2 function
Component of 2 coenzymes
FMN + FAD
FMN
Component of ETC
FAD
Beta oxidation of FA
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Reduction of oxidized glutathione by glutathione reductase
Vitamin B2 absorption/transport
Absorb in SI
Active/passive transport
Vitamin B2 storage/excretion
Minimal storage
Convert to cofactors
Excrete in urine
Vitamin B2 deficiency
Ariboflavinosis
Alcoholics/elderly
Ariboflavinosis
Lesions of swelling in/around mouth (stomatitis)
Extreme chapped lips (cheilosis)
Dry mouth at the back of the tongue (glossitis)
Vitamin B2 nutrient drug interaction
Phenobarbital
Metabolism of the dug causes increased utilization of riboflavin
Vitamin B2 food sources
Dairy products
Fortified grain
Little bit from fruit/veg
Liver
Vitamin B3 name
Niacin
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide
Vitamin B3 function
Cofactor NAD and NADP
Involved in central NRG metabolism
NADP participates in biosynthesis
NADH delivers e- to ETC
Vitamin B3 absorption/transport
Faciliated or passive transport
Synthesized from tryptophan
Travels through blood
Vitamin B3 storage/excretion
Not much storage
Excreted in urine
Vitamin B3 RDA
Stated as niacin equilivants
Vitamin B3 megadoses
Can decrease LDL and increase HDL
Niacin flush
Dilated capillaries
Painful tingling
Vitamin B3 deficiency
Pellagra:
Dementia
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Death
Vitamin B3 sources
Meat
Poultry
Seafood
Nuts/peanut butter
Vitamin B5 name
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B5 function
Essential to all forms of life
Precursor and component of synthesis of Acetyl CoA
Involved in synthesis reactions of :
Lipids Neurotransmitters Steroid hormones Hemoglobin
Vitamin B5 absorption/transport
Absorbed in SI
Diet = CoA form
Break down in SI
Circulate in blood
Vitamin B5 storage/excretion
Minimal storage
Excrete in urine
Vitamin B5 RDA
No RDA
No UL
Vitamin B5 deficiency
Very rare
General failure of body’s systems
Fatigue
GI stress
Neurological symptoms
Vitamin B5 nutient drug interaction
Evidence of interactions w/ estrogen containing oral contraceptives
Increase requirements?
Vitamin B5 sources
Meat
Dairy
Nuts
Grains
Veggies
Widely available
Vitamin B7 name
Biotin
Vitamin B7 function
Involved in a wide range of (biosynthetic) metabolic processes
Utilization of fats, carbs, AA
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Labeling tool
Vitamin B7 absorption/transport
Faciliated transport
Must be released from food (brush border)
Large intestine can synthesize (microbiota)
Vitamin B7 storage/excretion
Some liver storage
Excrete in the urine
Vitamin B7 RDA
No RDA
No UL
Vitamin B7 deficiency
Very rare
Diet of only raw egg whites
Skin rash, hair loss, neurological impairment
Can be genetic Biotinidase deficiency (doesn’t work) Can’t release/absorb biotin Can be fixed w/ supplementation
Vitamin B7 sources
Widely available
Animal products
Eggs
Liver
Fish
Vitamin B6 name
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxamine
Vitamin B6 function
Cofactor of PLP
enzymatic reactions
Hemoglobin biosynthesis
FA metabolism
Niacin synthesis
Glycogen phosphorylase
Gluconeogenesis
Transamination (AA biosynthesis)
Vitamin B6 absorption/transport
Absorb in SI
Passive diffusion
Must be dephosphorylated 1st Liver processes to PLP Send out via blood, attached to albumin
Vitamin B6 storage/excretion
Liver and muscle storage
Excrete in processed form
Vitamin B6 RDA
Increase w/ age
Used to be linked to protein intake
Vitamin B6 deficiency
Uncommon, alcoholics
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Vitamin B6 drug interaction
L dopa
Isoniazid (antibiotic)
Both increase requirement
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Small, pale red blood cells due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Depression
Confusion
Convulsions
Impaired immune function
Vitamin B6 toxicity
Neurological damage
Peripheral neuropathy
Need to take a high dose for a long period of time
Vitamin B6 sources
Meat
Fish
Veggies
Fruit
Potatoes
Will lose some during cooking
Vitamin B9 name
Folate
Vitamin B9 function
Coenzymes come from THF (DHF, THFA)
Move around single carbon units
Essential for DNA synthesis and repair
Methotrexate
Inhibit DNA synthesis
Cancer treatment (chemo)
Folate antagonist
Can help with immune diseases at lower doses
Homocysteine metabolism
Intermediate between methionine and cysteine (conditionally essential)
High levels in the blood = correlated w/ cardiovascular disease
B6, 9, 12 can lower levels in the blood
Vitamin B9 absorption/transport
Absorb in SI (monoglutamate form)
Enzymes break down polyglutamate from food
Active/passive transport
Need transport help acorss membranes
Methyl transfer to activate (by B12)
Vitamin B9 storage/excretion
Store a limited amount in the liver
Enterohepatic circulation
Liver incorporates excess into bile
Vitamin B9 deficiency
Alcoholics
Pregnancy
Excess diarrhea
Megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic)
Neural tube defects
Megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic)
Problem with red blood cells
Decreased DNA synthesis in cells in blood marrow
Protein synthesis continues
Cell division slows → cells become enlarged
Cells still have nucleus, become misshapen
Poor carriers of oxygen
B9 neural tube defects
Causes spina bifida
Spinal column has not fused
Bubbles of fluids
Anencephaly
No brain develops
Paralysis, incontinence, hydrocephalus, learning disabilities
Vitamin B9 RDA
UL due to high doses masking B12 deficiency
Dietary folate equilivants
Vitamin B9 sources
Green leafy veggies
Fortified foods
Not dairy products
Heat, light, and air sensitive
Vitamin B12 name
Cobalamin
Vitamin B12 function
Coenzyme for methionine synthesis
Necessary for nerve development
(myelin sheath)
Vitamin B12 absorption/transport
R protein protects B12 while it moves through stomach
Pepsin/acid denature proteins bound to B12
R protein degraded in SI
Intrinsic factor binds (absorbed)
Protein complex binds, enter blood, circulate
Vitamin B12 storage/excretion
Some storage
Enterohepatic circulation
Vitamin B12 RDA
No UL
Only made by bacteria and archaea
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Result of impaired absorption
Defect in R protein or intrinsic factor
Long term treatments that affect production of acid
Pernicious megaloblastic anemia
Neurological symptoms
Vitamin B12 Pernicious megaloblastic anemia
Decreased DNA synthesis in cells in blood marrow
Protein synthesis continues
Cell division slows → cells become enlarged
Cells still have nucleus, become misshapen
Vitamin B12 neurological symptoms
Peripheral neuropathy
Gait ataxia
Memory loss
Cognition impairment
Myelin sheath damage
Vitamin B12 sources
Animal origin
Meat
Dairy
Fortified foods
