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Nutri Sci > Water & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Water & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Water’s functions

A

Carrier
Maintains molecular structure
Participates in chemical rxns
Solvnet
Lubricant
Thermoregulation
Blood volume maintenance

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2
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

⅓ of volume, 20% of weight
Inside all cells

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

⅔ of volume, 40% of weight

Intravascular
Interstitial

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4
Q

Intravascular fluid

A

Within vessels
Blood plasma

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5
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

75% of ECF
Around cells

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6
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

Dependent on osmotic particles

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7
Q

Osmotic particles

A

Solutes that can’t cross membrane
Salts, sugar, protein

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8
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure necessary to stop the movement of water across semi permeable membrane
Membrane separates 2 solutions that have different particle concentration

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9
Q

Isotonic

A

Particle concentration outside = inside

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10
Q

Hypotonic

A

Particle concentration higher on inside
Water comes into cell
Cells expand

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11
Q

Hypertonic

A

Particle concentration higher on outside
Water leaves the cell
Cells shrink

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12
Q

Electrolytes

A

Salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into ions

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13
Q

Electrolyte equilibrium

A

Body regulates amount of water in each compartment

Control the amount of electrolytes in each

Water follows movement of electrolytes via diffusion

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14
Q

Extracellular electrolytes

A

Na
Cl

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15
Q

Intracellular electrolytes

A

K
HPO4 (phosphate)

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16
Q

Ion exchange

A

Body maintains gradients of electrolytes
Use energy to exchange sodium and potassium

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17
Q

Fluid pH

A

Bicarbonate and some proteins = pH buffers
Maintain pH in a very narrow range

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18
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Closed
Hydrostatic pressure

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19
Q

Capillaries

A

Site of fluid and solute exchange
Huge surface area (capillary beds)

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20
Q

Pressure gradients drive

A

Movement of blood
How absorption and filtration occur

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21
Q

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

Forces fluid out of the capillary
Force generated by pressure of fluid on capillary walls

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22
Q

Plasma oncotic pressure

A

Draws fluid back in the capillaries
Exerted by proteins in blood plasma or fluid

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23
Q

Arterial side

A

Hydrostatic > oncotic
Deliver nutrients to tissue
Stuff in blood is filtered out

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24
Q

Venous side

A

Hydrostatic < oncotic
Tissues drop things into blood
Dispose of waste

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25
Q

Edmea

A

Accumulation of fluid within interstitial space

26
Q

Water intake requirements vary on

A

Diet
Activity
Environment

27
Q

Insensible water loss

A

Skin (not sweating)
Respiration
Only the kidneys can compensate for these losses

28
Q

Water loss

A

Must excrete urine to remove metabolic waste
Regulated by kidneys

29
Q

Temperature regulation

A

Evaporated perspiration
Sweating

30
Q

Dehydration 1-2%

A

Thirst
Fatigue
Weakness
Discomfort
Loss of appetite

31
Q

Dehydration 3-4%

A

Impaired physical performance
Dry mouth
Reduction in urine
Flushed skin
Impatience
Apathy

32
Q

Dehydration 5-6%

A

Difficulty concentrating
Headache
Irritability
Sleepiness
Impaired temp regulation
Increased respiratory rate

33
Q

Dehydration 7-10%

A

Dizziness
Spastic muscles
Loss of balance
Delirium
Exhaustion
Collapse

34
Q

GI tract

A

Handles 9 L of water per day
Ingerst 2000 mL per day
Other 7000 mL recycled

35
Q

Sense of thirst

A

Excessive loss of body water
Increase in osmolarity sensed by the body

Increase in osmolarity of 2-3% → strong desire to drink

36
Q

Hypo-osmolality

A

Water intoxication
Rapid fall in osmolality
Water from ECF moves into cells

37
Q

Kidneys regulate

A

Bodily fluid osmolality + volume
Electrolyte balance
Acid base balance

38
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney
Tubular system involved in urine production

39
Q

Glomerulus

A

Part of the nephron
Rich in capillaries
Site of plasma filtration into renal tubes

40
Q

Tubules

A

Site of processing of plasma filtrate to create urine

41
Q

Filtration

A

Initial removal of water and solutes from the blood
Not large proteins or blood cells

42
Q

Reabsorption

A

Selective removal of water and solutes from glomerular filtrate into blood

43
Q

Secretion

A

Selective removal of some solutes from the plasma into the tubules

44
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of final urine to the bladder

45
Q

PTH and Calcium

A

Induces kidney to activate more vitamin D
Increases calcium reabsorption
Decreases calcium excretion

46
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Arginine vasopressin
Released by pituitary
Response to increased osmolarity / decreased blood pressure
Increase water absorption (kidneys)

47
Q

Renin

A

Released from kidneys
Response to low bp
Acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I

48
Q

Angiotensin I

A

Coveted to angiotensin II in the lungs

49
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstrictor
Constricts blood vessels
Increase blood pressure

Release of aldosterone from adrenal glands

50
Q

Aldosterone

A

Acts on renal tubes
Increase Na reabsorption and K excretion
Water follows Na
Blood volume increased

51
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

Hypertension drug
Prevent angiotensin I → II conversion (ACE enzymes)
Inhibit hydrolysis of vasodilator
Lower blood pressure

52
Q

Sodium function

A

ECF cation
Important for regulating body water and electrolyte balance
Neural and muscular function

53
Q

Sodium requirement

A

No RDA
Depend on physical activity and climate
Intake more than we need

54
Q

Sodium sources

A

Processed foods
Sodium bicarbonate, NaCl, sodium saccharin
Fruits and veggies contain the least

55
Q

Sodium sensitivity

A

Chronic renal disease, diabetes, hypertension
Lower bp with restricted sodium intake

56
Q

Sodium deficiency

A

Occurs with vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating
Muscle cramps, mental apathy

57
Q

Sodium toxicity

A

Edmea
Hypertension

58
Q

Potassium function

A

Main cation inside cells
Role in fluid and electrolyte balance
Nerve and muscle function

59
Q

Potassium sources

A

Fresh, unprocessed foods
Fruit and veg
Coffee
Tea
Milk
Potatoes
Animal products

60
Q

Potassium deficiency

A

Hypokalemia
Occurs b/c of diarrhea, vomiting
Associated with use of diuretics, steroids, laxatives

61
Q

Potassium deficiency symtoms

A

Muscle weakness
Paralysis
Confusion
Arrhythmia
Hypertension

62
Q

Potassium toxicity

A

Hyperkalemia
Overuse of supplements
Hard to induce from diet
Muscle weakness, vomiting, heart failure

Nutri Sci (10 decks)

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