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Earth Science > Water Resources > Flashcards

Water Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Earth’s surface is covered by ___

A

71% water

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2
Q

Percentage of types of water the earth is covered with

A

97.2% - Salt water
2.15% - Ice
0.65% - Lakes, Streams, Subsurface, Water and Atmoshpere

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3
Q

States of Water

A

ice, water, vapor

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4
Q

The water cycle is aka

A

hydrologic cycle

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5
Q

movement of water on Earth and in the atmosphere between states

A

Water cycle

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6
Q

Four major steps of the water cycle

A

Condensation
Precipitation
Collection
Evaporation

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7
Q

occurs when water changes from a gas back to a liquid

A

Condensation

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8
Q

liquid collects in the clouds. If heat is taken away from liquid water, it freezes to become an ice

A

Condensation

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9
Q

occurs when water falls back to earth

A

Prepicitation

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10
Q

Precipitation over the sea is __ and over the land is __

A

75%, 25%

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11
Q

occurs when precipitation collects in bodies of water

A

Collection

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12
Q

often soaks into the ground and stored as groundwater

A

Collection

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13
Q

occurs when water is heated by the sun, changing it from a liquid to a gas that is aka water vapor

A

Evaporation

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14
Q

Evaporation from the sea is __, from land is __, from transpiration from plants is __, and from run offs are __

A

75%, 4%, 14%, 7%

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15
Q

process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere

A

Transpiration

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16
Q

large, continuous body of salt water

A

Ocean

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17
Q

covers nearly 72% of the Earth’s surface (body of water)

A

Ocean

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18
Q

Average depth of the ocean is

A

12,201 ft

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19
Q

measurement of the depth of water in oceans, rivers, or lakes

A

Bathymetry

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20
Q

type of sonar commonly use for:
navigation
measuring depth
detecting fish and plankton

A

Echosounders

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21
Q

SONAR

A

Sound Navigating and Ranging

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22
Q

deepest point in the ocean is almost 36,198ft

A

Mariana Trench in the Western Pacific

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23
Q

Mariana Trench depth

A

36,198ft

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24
Q

salt concentration in sea water

A

Ocean Salinity

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25
Q

How does salinity affect density and temperature

A

Salinity is directly proportionate to density and inversely proportionate to temperature

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26
Q

Oceans of the world acc. to area

A

Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Antarctic
Arctic

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27
Q

surrounds the Atlantic Ocean, including the east coasts of Northern America, coastal areas of Western Europe and Africa

A

Passive Continental Margins

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28
Q

found along most of the coastal areas

A

Passive Continental Margins

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29
Q

this type of continental margin is not associated with plate boundaries or volcanic activity

A

Passive continental margin

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30
Q

gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline towards the deep ocean basin and underlain by the continental crust

A

Continental shelf

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31
Q

represent only 7.5% of the total ocean area

A

Continental shelf

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32
Q

has political and economic significance because it contains mineral deposits that include large deposits of petroleum and a fishing ground for food

A

Continental shelf

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33
Q

steep structure that marks the boundary between continental crust and oceanic crust

A

Continental Slope

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34
Q

narrow feature averaging only about 20km in width

A

Continental Slope

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35
Q

in regions where trenches DNE, the continental slope merges into a more gradual incline

A

Continental rise

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36
Q

slope drops about ___ into deep ocean basin (Continental rise)

A

6m/km

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37
Q

consists of a thick accumulation of sediment that moved downslope from the continental shelf to the deep ocean floor

A

Continental rise

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38
Q

located around pacific ocean (continental margin)

A

Active continental margin

39
Q

sediments from the ocean floor and pieces of ocean crust are scraped from the descending oceanic plate and plastered against the edge of the overriding continent

A

Active continental margin

40
Q

tectonically active, has many volcanoes.

A

Active continental margin

41
Q

Five Types of Continental Margins

A

Passive Continental Margin
Active Continental Margin
Continental Slope
Continental Rise
Continental Shelf

42
Q

flat features and regions that are most likely the most level places on Earth

A

Abyssal plains

43
Q

downslope movements of dense, sediment-laden water; created when sand and mud on the continental shelf and slope are dislodged

A

Turbidity currents

44
Q

Volcanic peaks that dotted the ocean floors and can rise hundreds of meters above surrounding topography

A

Seamounts

45
Q

seamounts are often found in

A

Pacific region

46
Q

long, relatively narrow features that form the deepest parts of the ocean, and most are located in the Pacific Ocean

A

Deep ocean trench

47
Q

sites where moving lithospheric plates plunge back into the mantle

A

Deep ocean trench

48
Q

regions where earthquakes and volcanic activity are associated with and are often paralleled by volcanic island arc

A

Deep Ocean Trench

49
Q

What can be found in the Deep Ocean Basin?

A

Abyssal Plains
Deep Ocean Trench
Seamounts

50
Q

Two types of Ocean Waves

A

Waves of Oscillation
Waves of Translation

51
Q
  • winds generate surface currents, gravity of the moon and sun produces the tides and density differences create deep-ocean circulation
A

Waves

52
Q

Parts of an Ocean Wave

A

Direction of trave
Crest
Trough
Wave height
Wavelength
Wave frequency
Wave Period

53
Q

number of wave crests passing point A per second

A

Wave frequency

54
Q

time required for the wave crest at point A to reach point B

A

Wave period

55
Q

waves in the open sea in which the wave form advances as the water particles move in circular orbits

A

Waves of Oscillation

56
Q

turbulent advance of water formed near the shore as waves of oscillation collapse, break or form a surf

A

Waves of translation

57
Q

commonly small, shallow, and near the continental areas oor land

A

Sea

58
Q

made up of different salts, sulfates, carbonates

A

Sea waters

59
Q

lesser number of salts, since it’s smaller than the ocean

A

Sea

60
Q

large, natural stream of flowing water

A

River

61
Q

found on every continent and on nearly every kind of land

A

River

62
Q

this body of water could be short and long, and wide and narrow

A

RIVER

63
Q

Rivers of the world by kilometers

A

Nile
Amazon
Missouri - Mississipi
Yangtze
Ob-Irtysh

64
Q

Longest rivers in the PH

A

Cagayan River
Rio Grande de Mindanao
Magat River
Agusan River
Pampanga River

65
Q

natural flow of water smaller than a river

A

Stream

66
Q

formed by run off from underground due to the water cycle

A

Stream

67
Q

slope of a stream channel expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance

A

Gradient

68
Q

shape, size and roughness of the channel affect the amount of friction

A

Channel characteristics

69
Q

___ channels have more efficient flow, ___ channel promotes a more uniform flow, ___ channel filled with boulders creates enough turbulence to slow down stream flow

A

large, smooth, irregular

70
Q

volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time and usually measured in m^3/sec

A

Discharge

71
Q

body of water’s steep fall over a rocky ledge into a plunge pool below

A

Waterfall

72
Q

A waterfall could be ___ if there’s a great volume of water

A

Cataract

73
Q

A waterfall could be __ if there’s a small volume of water

A

Cascade

74
Q

an entire river system

A

watershed

75
Q

area drained by a river and its tributaries

A

drainage basin

76
Q

water that has traveled down from the soil surface and collected in the spaces between sediments and the cracks within the rock

A

Groundwater

77
Q

portion of the lithosphere in which the pore spaces are filled with water i.e. the region beneath the water table

A

Zone of saturation

78
Q

underground boundary between the soil surface and the area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock

A

Water table

79
Q

water soaks into the ground because bedrock, sediments, and soil contain countless voids or openings called pore spaces

A

Porosity

80
Q

quantity of groundwater that can be stored depends on the ___ of the material which is the material which is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces

A

Porosity

81
Q
  • ability of the ability of a material to transmit a fluid
  • ground water moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings
  • the smaller the pore spaces, the slower the water moves
A

Permeability

82
Q

impermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement
e.g. clay (high porosity: poor permeability due to small pore spaces)

A

Aquitards

83
Q

permeable layer or sediments that transmit groundwater freely
e.g. gravel (large pore spaces)

A

Aquifers

84
Q

hole in the ground that forms when water dissolves surface rock

A

Sinkhole

85
Q

Environmental problems associated with groundwater

A

Non-renewable source
Land subsidence
Groundwater contamination

86
Q

overuse threatens groundwater supply or may even deplete groundwater resources like using it for intense irrigation

A

As non-renewable resources

87
Q

occurs when water is pumped from wells faster than natural recharge processes can replace it

A

Land subsidence

88
Q

common source is sewage, farm wastes, fertilizers, pesticides, chemicals

A

Groundwater contamination

89
Q
  • body of water that is surrounded by land
  • natural or man-made
A

Lake

90
Q

supply of water in the lakes is due to

A

Rainfall

91
Q

cause too much depression and stress in the land area, therefore basin ould become wider and deeper; in turn more water supply is possible

A

Continuous rainfalls

92
Q

Five Largest lakes by area

A

Caspian Lake
Lake Superior
Lake Victoria
Lake Huron
Lake Michigan

93
Q

area of land permanently saturated, or filled, with water

A

Swamp

94
Q

related to lakes depending on the presence of water especially during the seasons in the country

A

Swamps

Earth Science (6 decks)

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