Water Resources Flashcards
Earth’s surface is covered by ___
71% water
Percentage of types of water the earth is covered with
97.2% - Salt water
2.15% - Ice
0.65% - Lakes, Streams, Subsurface, Water and Atmoshpere
States of Water
ice, water, vapor
The water cycle is aka
hydrologic cycle
movement of water on Earth and in the atmosphere between states
Water cycle
Four major steps of the water cycle
Condensation
Precipitation
Collection
Evaporation
occurs when water changes from a gas back to a liquid
Condensation
liquid collects in the clouds. If heat is taken away from liquid water, it freezes to become an ice
Condensation
occurs when water falls back to earth
Prepicitation
Precipitation over the sea is __ and over the land is __
75%, 25%
occurs when precipitation collects in bodies of water
Collection
often soaks into the ground and stored as groundwater
Collection
occurs when water is heated by the sun, changing it from a liquid to a gas that is aka water vapor
Evaporation
Evaporation from the sea is __, from land is __, from transpiration from plants is __, and from run offs are __
75%, 4%, 14%, 7%
process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere
Transpiration
large, continuous body of salt water
Ocean
covers nearly 72% of the Earth’s surface (body of water)
Ocean
Average depth of the ocean is
12,201 ft
measurement of the depth of water in oceans, rivers, or lakes
Bathymetry
type of sonar commonly use for:
navigation
measuring depth
detecting fish and plankton
Echosounders
SONAR
Sound Navigating and Ranging
deepest point in the ocean is almost 36,198ft
Mariana Trench in the Western Pacific
Mariana Trench depth
36,198ft
salt concentration in sea water
Ocean Salinity
How does salinity affect density and temperature
Salinity is directly proportionate to density and inversely proportionate to temperature
Oceans of the world acc. to area
Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Antarctic
Arctic
surrounds the Atlantic Ocean, including the east coasts of Northern America, coastal areas of Western Europe and Africa
Passive Continental Margins
found along most of the coastal areas
Passive Continental Margins
this type of continental margin is not associated with plate boundaries or volcanic activity
Passive continental margin
gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline towards the deep ocean basin and underlain by the continental crust
Continental shelf
represent only 7.5% of the total ocean area
Continental shelf
has political and economic significance because it contains mineral deposits that include large deposits of petroleum and a fishing ground for food
Continental shelf
steep structure that marks the boundary between continental crust and oceanic crust
Continental Slope
narrow feature averaging only about 20km in width
Continental Slope
in regions where trenches DNE, the continental slope merges into a more gradual incline
Continental rise
slope drops about ___ into deep ocean basin (Continental rise)
6m/km
consists of a thick accumulation of sediment that moved downslope from the continental shelf to the deep ocean floor
Continental rise
located around pacific ocean (continental margin)
Active continental margin
sediments from the ocean floor and pieces of ocean crust are scraped from the descending oceanic plate and plastered against the edge of the overriding continent
Active continental margin
tectonically active, has many volcanoes.
Active continental margin
Five Types of Continental Margins
Passive Continental Margin
Active Continental Margin
Continental Slope
Continental Rise
Continental Shelf
flat features and regions that are most likely the most level places on Earth
Abyssal plains
downslope movements of dense, sediment-laden water; created when sand and mud on the continental shelf and slope are dislodged
Turbidity currents
Volcanic peaks that dotted the ocean floors and can rise hundreds of meters above surrounding topography
Seamounts
seamounts are often found in
Pacific region
long, relatively narrow features that form the deepest parts of the ocean, and most are located in the Pacific Ocean
Deep ocean trench
sites where moving lithospheric plates plunge back into the mantle
Deep ocean trench
regions where earthquakes and volcanic activity are associated with and are often paralleled by volcanic island arc
Deep Ocean Trench
What can be found in the Deep Ocean Basin?
Abyssal Plains
Deep Ocean Trench
Seamounts
Two types of Ocean Waves
Waves of Oscillation
Waves of Translation
- winds generate surface currents, gravity of the moon and sun produces the tides and density differences create deep-ocean circulation
Waves
Parts of an Ocean Wave
Direction of trave
Crest
Trough
Wave height
Wavelength
Wave frequency
Wave Period
number of wave crests passing point A per second
Wave frequency
time required for the wave crest at point A to reach point B
Wave period
waves in the open sea in which the wave form advances as the water particles move in circular orbits
Waves of Oscillation
turbulent advance of water formed near the shore as waves of oscillation collapse, break or form a surf
Waves of translation
commonly small, shallow, and near the continental areas oor land
Sea
made up of different salts, sulfates, carbonates
Sea waters
lesser number of salts, since it’s smaller than the ocean
Sea
large, natural stream of flowing water
River
found on every continent and on nearly every kind of land
River
this body of water could be short and long, and wide and narrow
RIVER
Rivers of the world by kilometers
Nile
Amazon
Missouri - Mississipi
Yangtze
Ob-Irtysh
Longest rivers in the PH
Cagayan River
Rio Grande de Mindanao
Magat River
Agusan River
Pampanga River
natural flow of water smaller than a river
Stream
formed by run off from underground due to the water cycle
Stream
slope of a stream channel expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance
Gradient
shape, size and roughness of the channel affect the amount of friction
Channel characteristics
___ channels have more efficient flow, ___ channel promotes a more uniform flow, ___ channel filled with boulders creates enough turbulence to slow down stream flow
large, smooth, irregular
volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time and usually measured in m^3/sec
Discharge
body of water’s steep fall over a rocky ledge into a plunge pool below
Waterfall
A waterfall could be ___ if there’s a great volume of water
Cataract
A waterfall could be __ if there’s a small volume of water
Cascade
an entire river system
watershed
area drained by a river and its tributaries
drainage basin
water that has traveled down from the soil surface and collected in the spaces between sediments and the cracks within the rock
Groundwater
portion of the lithosphere in which the pore spaces are filled with water i.e. the region beneath the water table
Zone of saturation
underground boundary between the soil surface and the area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock
Water table
water soaks into the ground because bedrock, sediments, and soil contain countless voids or openings called pore spaces
Porosity
quantity of groundwater that can be stored depends on the ___ of the material which is the material which is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces
Porosity
- ability of the ability of a material to transmit a fluid
- ground water moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings
- the smaller the pore spaces, the slower the water moves
Permeability
impermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement
e.g. clay (high porosity: poor permeability due to small pore spaces)
Aquitards
permeable layer or sediments that transmit groundwater freely
e.g. gravel (large pore spaces)
Aquifers
hole in the ground that forms when water dissolves surface rock
Sinkhole
Environmental problems associated with groundwater
Non-renewable source
Land subsidence
Groundwater contamination
overuse threatens groundwater supply or may even deplete groundwater resources like using it for intense irrigation
As non-renewable resources
occurs when water is pumped from wells faster than natural recharge processes can replace it
Land subsidence
common source is sewage, farm wastes, fertilizers, pesticides, chemicals
Groundwater contamination
- body of water that is surrounded by land
- natural or man-made
Lake
supply of water in the lakes is due to
Rainfall
cause too much depression and stress in the land area, therefore basin ould become wider and deeper; in turn more water supply is possible
Continuous rainfalls
Five Largest lakes by area
Caspian Lake
Lake Superior
Lake Victoria
Lake Huron
Lake Michigan
area of land permanently saturated, or filled, with water
Swamp
related to lakes depending on the presence of water especially during the seasons in the country
Swamps
