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Earth Science > Endogenic Process > Flashcards

Endogenic Process Flashcards

1
Q

processes formed or occurring beneath the surface of the Earth

A

Endogenic Process

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2
Q

mixture of molten rock, minerals and gases

A

Magma

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3
Q

mixture usually made up of a hot liquid base called the melt,

minerals crystallized by the melt,

solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines and dissolved gases

A

Magma

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4
Q

the hot liquid base in the magma mixture

A

Melt

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5
Q

What is the magma made of?

A

molen rock
minerals
gases

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6
Q

originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle (asthenosphere)

A

Magma

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7
Q

Where does the magma originate from?

A

Asthenosphere

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8
Q

At about __ to __ km below the earth’s surface, the temperature is high enough to melt rocks into magma

A

30 - 65 km

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9
Q

the temperature rises about __

A

30ºC/km

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10
Q

How deep is the asthenosphere

A

100km to 350km

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11
Q

The melt in the magma flows very slowly because it is under __ __

A

intense pressure

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12
Q

Magma reaches temperatures between __

A

600ºC to 140ºC

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13
Q

Deep in the Earth,nearly all magmas contain gas dissolved in the liquid, as magma rises at the surface of the Earth, pressure is decreased and the gas forms a __

A

separate vapor phase

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14
Q

Deep in the Earth,nearly all magmas contain gas dissolved in the liquid, as magma rises at the surface of the Earth, __ and the gas forms a separate vapor phase

A

pressure is decreased

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15
Q

resistance to flow; antonym for fluidity

A

Viscocity

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16
Q

Relationship between silica concentration in magma with viscosity

A

Silica concentration is directly proportionate to viscocity

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17
Q

Magma leaves the confines of the asthenosphere and crust in two major ways

A

intrusion
extrusion

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18
Q

Magma can be intruded into a __ area of another geologic form. Whe it cools and hardens, this intrusion develops into a __ aka igneous intrusive rock

A

low-density; pluton

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19
Q

Magma rises towards the Earth’s surface where there are __ dense surrounding rocks and when a __

A

less; structural zone allows movement

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20
Q

Magma collects in areas called

A

Magma chamber

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21
Q

Magma develops within the __ and __ where the temperature and pressurre conditions favor the molten state

A

upper mantle and crust

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22
Q

the __ dense magma __, while the __ dense magma __

A

less; rises, most; sinks

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23
Q

Ways to Generate Magma

A

Decompression Melting
Transfer of Heat
Flux Melting

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24
Q

involves the upward movement of the Earth’s mostly solid mantle.

A

Decompression Melting

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25
Q

The hot material in decompression melting rises to an ara of lower pressure through the process of __

A

convection

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26
Q

happens when hot liquid rock intrudes the earth’s crust. As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses this heat and transfers it to the surrounding crust (hot fudge and sundae)

A

Transfer of Heat

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27
Q

when water or CO2 added on rocks affects the melting point of rock when added with water beneath the earth and generates magma

A

Flux Melting

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28
Q

often generates magma in subduction zones

A

Flux melting

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29
Q

his magma has high viscosity level, since it has highest silica content.

coolest of all magma types

A

Felsic Magma

30
Q

Felsic Magma

A

Feldspar, Silica

31
Q

this magma has high viscosity level, low in iron, but high in potassium and sodium

makes granite rocks

A

Felsic Magma

32
Q

Felsic magma has:
__ viscosity level
__ iron
__ potassium and sodium

A

Felsic Magma

33
Q

This form is normally found in erupting volcanoes, after the eruption, it releases a lava that has high silica and very viscous

commonly produce andesite rock

A

Intermediate magma

34
Q

Felsic magma makes __ rocks

35
Q

Intermediate magma commonly produces __ rocks

36
Q

has relatively low silica content but high in iron and magnesium

low gas content and viscosity

high average temperature which contributes to its love velocity

most fluid

A

Mafic Magma

37
Q

Mafic Magma

A

Magnesium and Iron

38
Q

today our planet is too cool for this type of magma to form

hottest and fastest flowing magma

A

Ultramafic magma

39
Q

Gabbro and Basalt

40
Q

Diorite and Andesite

A

Intermediate

41
Q

Granite and Rhyolite

42
Q

Gabbro, Diorite, Granite

A

Intrusive Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic respectively

43
Q

Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite

A

Extrusive Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic respectively

44
Q

Rock Deformation

A

Stress
Strain
Joints
Faults

45
Q

force that could create deformation on rocks in their shape and volume

46
Q

great forces from several directions may act on lithospheric plates causing them to move. Although, these crustal plates are elastic solid, they are subjected to forces such as pulling, pushing, or squeezing

47
Q

2 Kinds of Stress

A

Lithostatic
Differential

48
Q

rock beneath earth’s surface experience equal pressure exerted on it from all directions because of the weight of the overlying rock (ex. water pressure on a person’s body)

A

Lithostatic stress

49
Q

stress on rocks that are caused by an additional due to unequal stress due to tectonic forces

A

Differential Stress

50
Q

3 Types of Differential Stress

A

Tensional (stretching)
Compressional (squeezing)
Shear (strike-slip)

51
Q

Stretching

52
Q

Squeezing

A

Compressional

53
Q

Strike-slip

54
Q

ability of a rock material to handle stress

depends on the elasticity of the rock

55
Q

Strain: Faulting - broken block

A

Brittle deformation

56
Q

Strain: flow - stretched block

A

Ductile deformation

57
Q

fractures in rocks that show little or no movement at all

58
Q

long and deep break or large crack in a rock

result of continuous pulling and pushing

59
Q

3 Types of Faults

A

Dip-slip fault (normal fault)
Strike-slip fault
Reverse (or thrust) fault

60
Q

occurs when brittle rocks are stretched

tectonic tensional forces are involved and the movement of blocks or rocks are mainly in the vertical direction

A

Dip-Slip faults

61
Q

Normal fault: the block lying on top of the fault surface is referred to as the __l while the one below is referred to as the __

A

hanging wall; foot wall

62
Q

occurs when brittle rocks are sheared and the movement of blocks of rock is chiefly in the horizontal direction

A

Strike-slip fault

63
Q

occur when brittle rocks are pushed (compressional)

A

reverse or thrust fault

64
Q

believed to impact as the BIG ONE is a dominantly strike-slip fault

A

West Valley Fault

65
Q

moves in ann oblique dextral motion

A

East Valley fault

66
Q

promoted by high temperature and pressure at a great depth

67
Q

when rocks deform in a ductile manner, instead of fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold and the resulting structures are called __

68
Q

3 Types of Folds

A

Monoclines
Synclines
Anticlines

69
Q

simplest types of folds.

occur when the horizontal layers are bent upward so that two limbs of the fold are still horizontal

70
Q

fold structures when original rock layers have been folded downward and the two limbs of the fold dip inward towards the hinge of the fold

71
Q

fold structures formed when the originally rock layers have been folded upward and the two limbs of the fold dip away from the hinge of the fold

Earth Science (6 decks)

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