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Geography > Water On The Land > Flashcards

Water On The Land Flashcards

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1
Q

Alluvium

A

Rock particles (clay, silt, sand, gravel) deposited by a river

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2
Q

Attrition

A

Erosive process where particles of load and knocked about as they are transported and gradually become more rounded/reduced in size

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3
Q

Base level

A

Altitude of the mouth of the river and point where the gradient becomes zero. No further erosion possible during normal river flow at this point

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4
Q

Bed load

A

Material carried by a river by being bounced or rolled along it’s bed

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5
Q

Channel

A

Course for the river water (straight or meandering)

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6
Q

Condensation

A

When water vapour changes to liquid

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7
Q

Confluence

A

Point at which 2 or more rivers meet

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8
Q

Cross profile

A

Shape of a slice across a river

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9
Q

Deforestation

A

Removal of a forest/stand of trees where land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use

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10
Q

Delta

A

River mouth choked with sediment causing the main channel to split into smaller branching channels or distributaries

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11
Q

Depth

A

Measurement of the distance between the bed of the river and surface. Increases downstream (joined by lots of tributaries)

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12
Q

Discharge

A

Volume of water passing a specific point at a given time. Becomes larger downstream (many tributaries join). Cross sectional area x velocity (cumecs - cubic metres per second m3/sec)

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13
Q

Drainage basin

A

Land that is drained by a river and it’s tributaries enclosed by the watershed

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14
Q

River engineering

A

Steps that can be taken to manage flooding. Often involve trying to lengthen amount of time it takes for water to reach river channel (increasing lag time). Can be hard or soft

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15
Q

Erosion

A

Wearing away of bed and banks of river channel by abrasion, hydraulic action, solution and attrition

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16
Q

Estuary

A

The tidal mouth of a river with large flat expanses of mud exposed at low tide

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17
Q

Evaporation

A

Water lost from the ground/vegetation surface

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18
Q

Flood plain

A

Wide, flat floor of a river valley. It consists of fertile sediments (alluvium) deposited by the river during flood conditions

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19
Q

Flood plain zoning

A

Procedure used to identify areas of varying flood hazard and therefore constructing buildings of high land value away from areas of flood risk

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20
Q

Gorge

A

Steep-sided narrow rocky valley marking the retreat of a waterfall

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21
Q

Gradient

A

Slope of river profile, steep close to the source, gradually becoming more gentle until the river reaches sea level

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22
Q

Groundwater

A

Water stored in rock beneath the surface

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23
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Water flowing through the rock layer parallel to the surface

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24
Q

‘Hard’ options

A

River management that tends to be more expensive and have a greater impact on the river and the surrounding landscape (forceful human intervention)

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25
Q

Hydraulic action

A

An erosive process where the sheer force of the water by itself can erode material from the bed and banks of the river channel

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26
Q

Infiltration

A

Water sinking into soil from the ground surface

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27
Q

Interception

A

Water being prevented from reaching the ground by trees or other vegetation. A store of water

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28
Q

Interlocking spurs

A

As the river descends from the highland it begins to meander between spurs which interlock down the valley

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29
Q

Lateral erosion

A

Erosion by a river on the outside of a meander channel. It eventually leads to the widening of the valley and the formation of the flood plain

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30
Q

Levées

A

River embankments built by deposition as the river floods (natural or man-made)

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31
Q

Load

A

The material transported by a river as bedload, suspended load or dissolved load (in solution)

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32
Q

Long profile

A

A slice through the river from source to mouth

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33
Q

Lower course

A

The section of the river near the sea, where deposition is the most important process and the valley becomes wider and flatter

34
Q

Meander

A

A bend in the river. The outside of the meander has the fastest flow and deepest water

35
Q

Middle course

A

The section of the river between the mountains and the lowland, where transport of eroded material is important and the river begins to cut sideways due to the reducing gradient

36
Q

Mouth

A

Where a river ends, at a lake or the sea

37
Q

Oxbow lake

A

A meander which has been cut off from the main river channel and abandoned

38
Q

Peak discharge

A

Maximum discharge in a river

39
Q

Peak rainfall

A

Time period on a flood hydrograph when the most rain fell

40
Q

Percolation

A

Water seeking deeper below the surface, often from the soil into the bedrock

41
Q

Pervious

A

A soil which allows relatively free movement of water

42
Q

Plunge pool

A

Deep pool below a waterfall

43
Q

Precipitation

A

Any source of moisture reaching the ground eg. snow, rain, frost

44
Q

Profile

A

The cross-section of the river from it’s source to it’s mouth concave in shape

45
Q

Rapids

A

Found where the river meets a band of resistant rock and usually precede a waterfall

46
Q

River cliff

A

Steep sided slope, created on the outside of a meander bend by the erosive effect of fast-flowing water

47
Q

Saltation

A

A process of transport; material bounced along the bed of the river

48
Q

Sedimentation

A

The settling out of suspended particles from a body of water (or in some cases very fine particles settled from the air or blown by the wind)

49
Q

Slip-off slope

A

Forms on the inside of a meander bend as a result of deposition in the slower flowing water

50
Q

‘Soft’ options

A

Flood protection that is more ecologically sensitive

51
Q

Solution

A

Some rocks such as limestone are subject to chemical attack and slowly dissolve in the water

52
Q

Source

A

Where a river starts, usually in the mountains

53
Q

Straightening meanders

A

This involves digging a straighter shorter channel in areas where rivers meander. The logic behind this is to speed up water flow in flood prone areas and stop water from ‘hanging around’

54
Q

Storm hydrograph

A

Graphs that show how a drainage basin responds to a period of rainfall. They are useful in planning for food situations and times of drought

55
Q

Surface run-off (overland flow)

A

Water flowing on top of the ground

56
Q

Surface storage

A

Water held on the ground surface eg. puddles/ponds

57
Q

Suspended load

A

Very small and light material, usually find clay and silt, transported by the river suspension

58
Q

Throughflow

A

Water flowing through the soil layer parallel to the surface

59
Q

Traction

A

Material rolled along the bed of the river

60
Q

Transpiration

A

Water lost through pores in vegetation

61
Q

Transportation

A

The river moves material as bedload, suspended load or dissolved load (in solution). Bedload can be moved by saltation and traction

62
Q

Tributary

A

A smaller river which joins a larger one

63
Q

Upper course

A

The mountain stage of a river with steep gradients and much erosion

64
Q

V-shaped valley

A

A deep v-shaped valley is usually found in the upper course of the river where the water has considerable erosive power

65
Q

Velocity

A

The speed of the water flow

66
Q

Waterfalls

A

Form where the river meets a band of softer rock after flowing over an area of more resistant material. Waterfalls progressively cut back leaving a gorge

67
Q

Watershed

A

The highland separating one river basin from another

68
Q

Water stress

A

This occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts it’s use

69
Q

Water table

A

Upper level of saturated rock/soil - top of the groundwater store

70
Q

Abrasion

A

An erosive process where pebbles being transported wear away bed and banks of river channel (sandpaper)

71
Q

Distributaries

A

Finger-like river channels which branch away from a main river channel in a delta

72
Q

Eutrophication

A

High nitrate levels combined with phosphate cause excessive plant and algae growth, a deteriorating process that results in loss of oxygen and the biological death of the river

73
Q

Freeze-thaw weathering

A

Also called frost-shattering as it occurs in cold climates when temperature are often around freezing point and where exposed rocks contain many cracks. Water enters the cracks during the warmer day and freezes during the colder night. As the water turns into ice it expands by 9% and exerts pressure on the surrounding rock, causing pieces to break off

74
Q

Floatation

A

A transport process whereby the lightest bit of material float along the surface

75
Q

Particle size

A

Range from clay (0.001mm) through silt, sand, pebbles, gravel, cobbles and boulders (500+mm)

76
Q

Physical weathering

A

The disintegration of rocking I smaller pieces without any chemical change in the rock; this is most likely in areas of bare rock where there is no vegetation to protect the rock from extremes of weather eg. freeze-thaw and exfoliation (or onion weathering)

77
Q

Point bar

A

Slip off slope

78
Q

Pot holes

A

Holes eroded in the solid rock of a river channel. They are drilled by pebbles caught in eddies in the river

79
Q

Soil moisture

A

Water held in soil layer

80
Q

Spur

A

A narrow neck of high land extending into a river valley, often forming the divide between two tributaries

81
Q

Time

A

An important factor in river erosion and deposition

82
Q

Weathering

A

The break-down or decomposition of rock by biological, physical or chemical processes

Geography (8 decks)

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