The Development Gap Flashcards
Development measure (indicator)
Statistics used to show level of development which allows countries to be compared
Development
(Usually) positive change in a country’s economic, social and political circumstances
GDP/Capita
Gross Domestic Product: the total value of the goods and services produced in a country in a year, divided by it’s population (this aids comparison between countries). It gives a sense of the economic development of a country
GNI/Capita
Gross National Income - GDP/Capita but GNI includes money wasn’t overseas eg. through TNCs or remittance
Death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 of population per year. Less useful as a development indicator as death rates are high for both very poor and very rich countries
Birth rate
The number of births per 1000 of population per year. Low birth rates are typical of more developed countries
Adult literacy
The percentage of adult population that can read and write. Higher in developed countries
Infant mortality
Number of children that die before they reach 1st birthday per 1000 of population. Lower in developed economies
Human development index (HDI)
Development indicator combing GDP/Capita (PPP), life expectancy, adult literacy and number of years of schooling. Highest value possible = 1
Correlation
Relationship. Can be seen on scatter graphs when two development indicator variables are compared. Can be positive or negative
Standard of living
Concerns how much money and material possessions people have. Can be measured in GNI/Capita
Quality of life
Concerns whether people are happy with their lives - this may be he case I’d they have good incomes, health, education, clean environment, community links, family ties etc. can be partly measured by HDI but includes other data
Debt relief
Forgiving a debt, in part or in total, by one country to another
Conservation swaps
A type of debit relief where he lending country exchanges the debt to encourage environmental protection
Trade
The exchange of goods and services between countries
Exports
Goods and services sold by a country
Imports
Goods and services bought by a country
Trade balance
Difference between value of a country’s imports and exports
Trade surplus
Occurs when a country’s exports exceed value of it’s imports
Trade deficit
Occurs when a country’s imports exceed value of it’s exports
Trade grouping
Where several countries get together for he purpose of trying to increase the volume and value of trade eg. The European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA)
Tariffs
Taxes paid on imports into a country. Usually put in place to protect the value of home produced goods
Quotas
A limit on amount/volume of goods that can be imported
Free trade
Where trade between countries is not restricted by any tariffs or quotas - eg. Trade within the EU
Fair trade
A system whereby agricultural producers in less developed nations are paid fair (often higher price than market price) for the goods they produce. The extra cost is passed onto consumers
Shot term aid
Aid given to relieve a disaster situation eg. food, shelter etc.
Long term aid
Aid given over a long period to encourage development of country
Donor country
Country giving aid to another country
Receiving country
Country receiving aid from another country
Bilateral aid
Aid given directly from one country to another - it may be “tied” to include trade and business agreements
Multilateral aid
Where a number of richer nations give money to bodies such as he IMF or the world bank and this money is then distributed to countries to those who are less developed
Top down aid
Aid given to governments so they can decide how the money is spent - ideal for large infrastructure projects etc. can lead to corruption or misuse if the money
Bottom up aid
Aid given directly to communities, often through NGOs (non governmental organisations) for essential needs such as water supply
Economic periphery
The edge of a country or region in terms of economics - a less well developed area eg. Eastern Europe in the EU
Economic core
The centre of a country or region in terms of economics - a more developed area eg. Germany, France, UK in EU
Sustainable development
Development which allows economic growth to occur and continue without harm to the environment or communities. It will benefit people alive today and does not negatively affect future generations ability to benefit.
