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Geography Notes 223 > Water on the Land > Flashcards

Water on the Land Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four processes of Erosion in a river?

A

Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Hydraulic Action

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2
Q

What are the four processes of Transportation in a river?

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

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3
Q

Explain what Abrasion means

A

The river carries sand, silt and rocks and boulders at high flow, the material rubs against the river bed and erodes it.

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4
Q

Explain what Attrition means

A

The load being carried by the river collides and rubs against each other and gets smaller and rounder.

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5
Q

Explain what Solution (erosion) means

A

Rock minerals dissolves into the river water.

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6
Q

Explain what Hydraulic Action means

A

The force of the water removes material from the bed and banks of the river.

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7
Q

Explain what Traction means

A

Large boulders roll along the river bed (needs most energy)

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8
Q

Explain what Saltation means

A

Smaller pebbles are bounced along the river bed, picked up and dropped off as the river flow changes

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9
Q

Explain what Suspension means

A

Finer sands and silt particles are carried along in the rivers flow

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10
Q

Explain what Solution (transportation) means

A

Minerals are dissolved into the water and carried along in the flow (needs least energy)

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11
Q

Define alluvium

A

Material deposited or transported by a river

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12
Q

Give two factors that can affect deposition

A
  1. A fall in volume of a river like in a drought

2. A reduction in velocity on the inside of a bend

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13
Q

What are the three courses of a river?

A

Upper, Middle and Lower

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14
Q

Give four features of the upper course

A
  1. V shaped valley
  2. Vertical erosion
  3. V shaped channel
  4. Interlocking spurs
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15
Q

Give three landforms in the upper course

A
  1. Waterfall
  2. Rapid
  3. Gorge
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16
Q

How is a V shaped valley formed?

A

River erodes vertically
Leaves very steep valley sides
River erodes and transports the material in the valley widening it into a V shape

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17
Q

How is a gorge formed?

A

When the waterfall erodes the less resistance rock with abrasion and hydraulic action it leaves an overhang of more resistant rock that eventually collapes when it is no longer supported by the less resistance rock. This process of undercutting and collasping repeats and retreats upstream forming a gorge.

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18
Q

How is a waterfall formed?

A

Less Resistant (LR) rock is eroed by hydraulic action and abrasion
MR rock at the top of the waterfall does not erode and is left overhaning
Eventually the overhang collapses, because it is not supported by the LR rock
A plunge pool is formed at the bottom of the waterfall, by hyrdaulic ation erosion as the water his the bed
Rocks in the plunge pool are worn by attrition
Gradually the waterfall retreats up stream to form a gorge

19
Q

Give four landforms of the middle course

A
  1. Flood Plain
  2. Meanders
  3. River Cliff
  4. Slip off slope
20
Q

Give three charactersitics of the middle course

A
  1. Lateral erosion
  2. Depostion
  3. Wider and flatter
21
Q

Give two landforms of the lower course

A
  1. Natrual levees

2. Ox boe lakes

22
Q

How is a meander formed?

A

The river has a faster current on the outside bend
The force of the water erodes and undercuts the outside bend by abrasion, forming a river cliff
On the inside bend the current is slower
Sand and small pebbles are depostied creating a slip off slope
The meander migrates across the land as the process repeats

23
Q

How are ox boe lakes formed?

A

Erosion on the outside bend of the meander and depostion means that the meander neck becomes narrower
Eventually the neck is broken up because it is quicker for the water to go in a straight channel than round a meander
This cuts of the meander bend
Allivium is deposted, which seals of the old meander forming an ox boe lake
Gradually the meander drys up because it has no water supply (apart from the rain)

24
Q

How does a meander migrate across a flood plain?

A

Lateral erosion means the meander gets bendier as it erodes and depostits more, and the neck gets narrower.

25
Q

Give two reasons why some rivers are able to carry a greater amount of load than others

A
  1. Volume of water- the greater the volume the more load it can carry
  2. Velocity- a fast flowing river has more energy to transport larger rocks
26
Q

Under what conditions is a river likely to deposit some of the load it is carrying?

A
  1. A reduction in velocity or speed at the inside of a meander
  2. A fall in the volume of a river, for example after a draugh
27
Q

Give 5 physical causes of flooding

A
  1. Seasonal rainfall
  2. Saturated ground
  3. Snow melt
  4. Frozen ground
  5. Steep slopes by river
28
Q

Give 4 human causes of flooding

A
  1. Building on flood plane
  2. Deforestation
  3. Dams bursting
  4. Impermable surfaces eg tarmac, concrete
29
Q

What is the peak rainfall on a Hydrograph?

A

Peak Rainfall is the highest amount of rain in a storm.

30
Q

What is the peak discharge on a Hydrograph?

A

Peak Discharge is the greatest amount of water passing one point.

31
Q

What is the lag time on a Hydrograph?

A

Lag time is the difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge.

32
Q

Define Discharge

A

Discharge is the volume of water passing one point a second.

33
Q

What is a flashy flood?

A

When the flood has a shorter lag time and the river is more likely to flood faster .

34
Q

Give three soft managment strategies for flooding

A
  1. Aforestation
  2. Floodplain zoning
  3. Environment Agency
35
Q

Give three hard managment strategies for flooding

A
  1. Dams and reservoirs
  2. Dredging
  3. Straighening rives
36
Q

What is floodplain zoning and give an advantage and disadvantage?

A

Areas near to the river cost less than houses further
away.
+ not as many houses will be built on the floodplain making the surface more permable
- Homes are already built there and they will loose their value

37
Q

What is afforestation and give an advantage and disadvantage?

A

Trees are grown near the river to absorb the water when there is a high rainfall.
+It is low cost and enhances the environmental quality of
the drainage basin.
- There may be building and no space go grow trees.

38
Q

What is the environment agency and give an advantage and disadvantage?

A

Houses in flood risk zones are monitored and warned
if there is a risk of flooding.
+People can prepare for a flood and evacuate.

39
Q

What are dams are reservoirs?

A

Huge concrete structures that block rivers meaning the flow of the river can be controlled to prevent flooding during peak rainfall.

40
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of dams and reservoirs

A

+ Hydro-electric Power can be produced when water is
released through the dam.
- Lakes can form behind dam and people have to be displaced.
Sediment is deposited behind
the dam.

41
Q

What is straighening and dredging rivers?

A

Straightening meanders by digging shorter channels, so
water is it hanging round and gets to the sea quicker and
digging deeper channels so the river can hold more water.

42
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of traighening and dredging rivers

A

+ The river can hold more water before it bursts it’s banks.
The water can reach the sea quicker so it can not flood big areas.
- Both may cause floods to occur nearer to the mouth.
They are expensive to build and maintain and have an
environmental impact.

43
Q

What is a water defficet?

A

Where there is not enough water

44
Q

What is a water surplus?

A

Where is more water than needed in an area

Geography Notes 223 (8 decks)

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