Water & Minerals CH 8

Question 1

water

Answer 1

h2o, most indispensable nutrient, makes up 60-70% person’s weigh, cells die quickly without water

Question 2

what does lean muscle contain more than fat

Answer 2

water

Question 3

water percentage of person decreases as they

Answer 3

age

Question 4

9 roles of water

Answer 4

1. transportation
2. serves as a solvent; dissolves glucose, acids
3. Cleanses tissues and blood of wastes
4. Lubricant
5. Shock absorber
6. Temperature maintenance
7. Key Player in Chemical Reactions

Question 5

define water intoxication

Answer 5

excessive ingestion of plain water

Question 6

what to sensastions govern water intake, and what organs are in charge of them

Answer 6

thirst and satiety - run by hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys

Question 7

severe dehydration signs

Answer 7

pale skin;bluish lips and digigts, confusion, weak, rapid, irregualr pulse, blood thickening, shallow rapid breathing

Question 8

containment metals in water

Answer 8

cadmium and lead

Question 9

what kind of water easily dissolves contaminant metals

Answer 9

soft water

Question 9

water flows in the direction of

Answer 9

high solute concentraion

Question 9

7 major minerals

Answer 9

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphate, sodium, chloride, magnesium

Question 9

4 main trace minerals

Answer 9

iron, zinc, copper, iodine

Question 10

difference between major and trace minerals

Answer 10

major is when mineral is present in over 5 grams in the body

Question 11

calcium

Answer 11

most abundant in body; 99% in teeth and bones; bone structure and bone calcium as a bank

Question 12

minerals in bone are in

Answer 12

constant flux, being added and dissolved constantly

Question 13

Bone derives its structural strength from

Answer 13

the lacy network of crystals that lie along its lines of stress.

Question 14

If minerals are withdrawn to cover deficits elsewhere in the body, the bone will

Answer 14

grow weak and ultimately will bend or crumble.

Question 15

Blood travels in capillaries throughout the bone, bringing

Answer 15

nutrients to the cells that maintain the bone’s structure and carrying away waste materials from those cells. It picks up and deposits minerals as instructed by hormones.

Question 16

7 major roles of calcium in body fluids

Answer 16

-Regulates the transport of ions across cell membranes
-Nerve transmission
-Helps maintain normal blood pressure
-Essential in the clotting of blood
-Essential for muscle contraction
-Activates cellular enzymes
-Allows secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes, neurotransmitters

Question 17

Vit D upregulates Ca transport in

Answer 17

intestinal cells

Question 18

calcium absorption increases in

Answer 18

time of need; typically only 25% absorption, but can double if in need or pregnant or a baby; will reduce if calcium supply is sufficient

Question 19

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) excreted by parathyroid gland when which mineral is low

Answer 19

Ca

Question 20

DRI for Ca

Answer 20

RDA: Adults: 1,000 mg/d (19–50 yr)
1,200 mg/d (51+ yr)
UIL 2500mg

Question 21

define phosphorus and its 5 roles

Answer 21

Second most abundant mineral in body
Majority found in bones and teeth

Roles include:
Helps maintain acid–base balance
Part of DNA and RNA of every cell
Carry, store, and release energy in the metabolism of energy nutrients
Assist many enzymes and vitamins in extracting energy
Form part of the molecules of the phospholipids

Question 22

DRI for phosphorus

Answer 22

RDA-700mg/d UIL-4000mg/d

Question 23

magnesium traits, roles, and deficiency

Answer 23

Half of magnesium supply is in the bones Roles include: Assists with the release and use of energy by impacting metabolism of potassium, calcium, vit D, and 300 enzymes Works with calcium to assist with muscle contraction by relaxing them Helps resist tooth decay by keeping calcium in enamel Deficiency Caused by inadequate intake, vomiting, diarrhea, alcoholism, protein malnutrition May be linked with CVD and high blood pressure Toxicity–rare but fatal

Question 24

DRI magnesium

Answer 24

RDA - M=400mg // W=310mg UIL: 350mg?

Question 25

major roles of sodium

Answer 25

Major part of fluid and electrolyte balance Helps maintain acid-base balance Essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission

Question 26

Chemically, sodium is the positive ion in the compound sodium chloride (table salt) and makes up 40% of its weight. Therefore a gram of salt contains

Answer 26

400 milligrams of sodium.

Question 27

Who are typically salt sensitive

Answer 27

Salt-sensitive: People with diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease, African, family history of hypertension, anyone >50 years of age

Question 28

majority of sodium comes from

Answer 28

processed food

Question 29

potassium role, deficiency, toxicity

Answer 29

Positively charged ion inside cells Roles: Fluid and electrolyte balance Cell integrity Maintains heartbeat Deficiency Dehydration causes a loss of potassium in cells Dangerous Toxicity Lethal if injected into the vein

Question 30

How do we lose potassium?

Answer 30

Dehydration, deficient K diet (approx. 60% Canadians don’t consume enough), diuretics Hydrochlorothiazide and thiazide diuretics, as well as loop diuretics (Lasix)

Question 31

sodium potassium pump

Answer 31

protein pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell helps to maintain higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell and higher concentration of potassium ions inside the cell

Question 32

DRI for sodium

Answer 32

RDA- M=3400mg/d // W=2600mg/d

Question 33

dietary chloride

Answer 33

Crucial for fluid balance Part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach Principle food source is salt

Question 34

Sulphate

Answer 34

Helps proteins assume their shape No recommended intake Deficiencies are unknown

Question 35

dietary iodine

Answer 35

Body’s work is done by ionic form, iodide Role: Part of thyroxine Deficiency: Goiter Cretinism Food sources Varies – depends on soil quality Seafood, iodinized salt

Question 36

Much of the iodine in Canadian diets today comes from

Answer 36

fast-food and other restaurant establishments, and from bakery products and milk.

Question 37

Iodine deficiency is one of the world’s most

Answer 37

common and most preventable causes of cretinism (birth defect with physical deformity and learning disabilities)

Question 38

dietary iron

Answer 38

-Every living cell contains iron -A component of two proteins: Hemoglobin (red blood cells) Myoglobin (muscle cells) -Roles: Carries oxygen Makes new cells, amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters

Question 39

increase what vitamin increases iron absorbition

Answer 39

vitamin C

Question 40

DRI iron

Answer 40

RDA- 8mg/d adults; over 3 times that for pregnant women, and over twice for women that can bear children UIL -45mg/d