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1550-Life Sci > Proteins & Vitamins - Ch 6&7 > Flashcards

Proteins & Vitamins - Ch 6&7 Flashcards

1
Q

two key differences of proteins between fats and carbs

A

made of nitrogen; variation of chemical structure/20 different amino acids to build different proteins

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2
Q

what does the backbone of an amino acid contain

A

amine group (h2N-) and an acid group (-COOH), with a centre carbon (-C-)

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3
Q

bond between amino acids

A

peptide bond

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4
Q

dispensable/nonessential amino acids

A

AA that body can make for itself given the needed parts

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5
Q

indispensable/essential AA

A

AA body cannot make or make too slowly for need; must be replenished externally

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6
Q

conditionally indispensable/essential AA

A

when a nonessential is unable to be supplied sufficiently via diet or body creation

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7
Q

how does the body recycle AA

A

when proteins have finished their cellular work they can be broken down into AA that can be reused to build again or can break down AA surplus as energy ; this allows for emergency energy storage in tissues

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7
Q

DRI intake for women&men of protein

A

46 & 56g

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7
Q

WHO upper and lower limit of total cal from protein

A

15-10%

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7
Q

DRI’s acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) of protein

A

10-35% total energy

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8
Q

Lindsay Likes The Isolation More Than Very Heavy Pressure

A

9 - Essential Amino Acid Acronym
Leucine Lysine Threonine Isoleucine Methionine(cysteineA) Tryptophan Valine Histidine Phenylalanine (tyrosineA)

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8
Q

LLTIMTVHP

A

Lindsay Likes The Isolation More Than Very Heavy Pressure

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9
Q

convert pounds to kilo

A

divide pounds by 2.2

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9
Q

how many grams of protein does DRI recommended daily

A

0.8g/kg of a persons total mass

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10
Q

what can denature a protein

A

heat, alcohol, acids, bases, or salts of heavy metals

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11
Q

polypeptide

A

string of AA

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12
Q

what protects stomach from its acid

A

mucus secreted by it’s linings tissues

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13
Q

why dont the stomach enzymes denature like the proteins in food do

A

acid tolerant

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14
Q

transanimated

A

synthesize a new dispensable amino

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15
Q

deaminate

A

use amino acid for energy

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16
Q

where are proteins completely digested

A

small intestine; absorbed into blood stream

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17
Q

protein turnover

A

entire process of breakdown, recovery and synthesis of proteins

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18
Q

coooking with moist heat improves

A

protein digestibility

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19
Q

what makes a protein functional

A

-composed of several peptide chains that cluster together to be functioning unit OR a mineral or vitamin joins to activate it

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20
Q

what impacts the solubility of a protein

A

its charge, if its charge it attracts water, if its not it repels water and attract itself

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21
Q

where in small intestine are amino acids absorbed

A

in specific sites for specific amino acids

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22
Q

where are amino acids carried to in the blood stream

A

liver

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23
Q

when a large dose of a single amino acid is absorbed it may limit

A

absorption of that general type of amino acid

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24
Q

8 roles of body proteins

A

growth&maintenance; building compounds i.e hormones, enzymes; building antibodies; clotting; fluid and electrolyte balance; acid base balance; energy and glucose

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25
Q

antibody function

A

destroys one specific invader; develops immunity to that spec invader; remembers invader and attacks more rapidly next time

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26
Q

most important protein

A

enzymes

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27
Q

avg protein turnover in adult per day

A

300-400 grams; 20% of our resting needs

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28
Q

body cannot store

A

amino acids

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29
Q

complementary proteins

A

eating a combo of foods so AA supply is balanced

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30
Q

mutual supplementation

A

concept of combining two incomplete protein sources so the limiting amino acid in one food makes up for the lacking in the other

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31
Q

PDCAAS

A

Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score; measuring tool that determines protein quality by its digestibility and proportions of amino acids it provides on a scare of 0-100

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32
Q

example of complementary proteins

A

pea flour and whole wheat flour

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33
Q

negative nitrogen balance occurs

A

when proteins is lost - more nitrogen lost then taking in

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34
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

more nitrogen in than out - when more proteins are being built then taken in, such as working out or pregnancy, growing up

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35
Q

PEU

A

protein-energy undernutrition; malnutrition from lack of protein; most common; can stunt growth; two forms marasmus and kwashiokor

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36
Q

marasmus

A

calorie-deficiency disease; starvation; 6-18 months of ages typically; stunts brain development; no body heat; point of no return when protein synsthesis mechanisms are degraded

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37
Q

kwashiorkor

A

disease of protein malnutrion; has recognizable symptoms such as leg and belly edema; typical when protein is specifically diminished causing fluid imbalances; hair colour changes; typically 1-3 years

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38
Q

6 nutrients a veg diet may lack

A

vitamin d, omega 3, vitamin b12, calcium, zinc, iron,

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39
Q

the only disease a vitamin can cure

A

one that is caused by deficiency by that vitamin

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40
Q

vitamin

A

noncaloric, organic, essential nutrients to body functions in minute amounts; role in diving cell process

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41
Q

precursors/provitamins

A

certains vitamins that occur in foods that once inside the body, they are transformed chemically to one or more active vitamin forms

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42
Q

four fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K

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43
Q

2 water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

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44
Q

8 types of vitamin B

A

Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (b2), Niacin (b3), folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Biotin, Pantothenic acid

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45
Q

why is solubility of vitamin important

A

determines absorption, transportation, storage, and how easily lost in the body; i.e. behaviour in the body

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46
Q

fat soluble vitamin characteristics

A

absorbed in the lymph, travel in the blood, stored in liver or with other lipids in fatty tissues; higher risk for vitamin toxicity; dont need everyday; dissolve in lipid

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47
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

absorbed direct into bloodstream, travel freely and excesses released into urine; dissolve in water

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48
Q

mineral oil as a laxative risks

A

losing fat soluble vitamins that dissolve with it as mineral oil cant be dissolved

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49
Q

vitamin A

A

first fat soluble vitamin recognized; precursor is beta-carotene; 3 active forms: retinol, retinoic acid, retinal; particularly in eyesight

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50
Q

7 main roles of vitamin A

A

vision; gene expression; critical for reproduction; normal development of cells; maintenance of body linings and skin; bone and body growth; immune defences

51
Q

how does vitamin A impact eyesight

A

process of light perception, maintaining healthy cornea, part of the rhodopsin molecule

52
Q

rhodopsin

A

light sensitive pigment of cells in retina

53
Q

night blindness

A

slow recovery of vision after exposure of flash at night; symptom of vitamin A deficiency

54
Q

consequences of deficiency of vitamin a

A

keratinization/clouding cornea, xerosis/xerophthalmia/drying/blindness, impaired cell differentiation/immune weak, bone and teeth growth

55
Q

normal ranges of vitamin 8 in micrograms and impacts

A
56
Q

RAE

A

retinol activity equivalents; measures vitamin a activity for vitamin a precursors

57
Q

avg DRI intake of vitamin a

A

900 micrograms M, 700 micrograms W

58
Q

most potentially toxic vitamin

A

D

59
Q

5-10 minutes of sun each day spring-fall gives body

A

vitamin D

60
Q

3 main functions of vitamin D

A

calcium regulation/bone integrity; functions as a hormone; stimulates maturation of body cells

61
Q

three areas vitamin D raises calcium level

A

skeleton, kidneys; digestive tract

62
Q

deficiency in Vitamin D can cause

A

high BP, colon/prostate cancer etc, Type 1 diabetes, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rickets

63
Q

Factors affecting sun exposure and vitamin D synthesis:

A

Homebound: Living indoors prevents sun exposure.
Season: Warmer seasons of the year bring more direct sun rays.
Sunscreen: Use reduces or prevents skin exposure to sun’s rays.
Time of day: Midday hours provide maximum direct sun exposure

64
Q

precursor cholesterol in skin for vitamin d

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

65
Q

precursor from ultraviolet activation from 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin

A

previtamin D3

66
Q

what vitamin d is in liver

A

calcidoiol/25-hydroxyvitamin d3

67
Q

what vitamin d is in kidneys

A

calcitriol/1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3

68
Q

what food precursors of vitamin d work with previtamin d3 from the sun to create vitamin d3

A

ergocalciferol (plants) and cholecalciferol (animals)

69
Q

DRI intakes for vitamin d

A

15 microg 19-70.
20 micrograms 70+
Increase after 50

70
Q

vitamin e

A

antioxidant; quenches free radicals and prevents them from causing cell damage; critical in lungs and high oxygen places

71
Q

vitamin e deficiency common example

A

erythrocyte hemolysis - infant blood cells rupture causing anemia

72
Q

vitamin e supplements increase the effects

A

of anticoagulant medication

73
Q

DRI recommendations for vitamin e

A

15mg/day

74
Q

UIL of vitamin E

A

1000 mg

75
Q

medicine that interferes with clotting associated with vitamin K

A

warfarin

76
Q

functions of vitamin k

A

synthesis of blood clotting and bone proteins

77
Q

deficiency risks with vitamin k

A

hemorrhage; abnormal bone formation

78
Q

DRI for vitamin K

A

120micrograms M, 90 micrograms W

79
Q

toxic does of Vitamin K can lead to

A

Jaundice - yellowing of skin due to bilirubin from liver into circulatory system

80
Q

roles of vitamin c

A

maintain connective tissues (collagen/carnitine); antioxidant protect iron from oxidation to promote absorption; restores vitamin E to active form, supports immune system, forms scar tissue, matrix for bone growth

81
Q

deficiency associated to vitamin c

A

scurvy with pinpoint hemorrhage, bleeding gums, fatigue, bruises, bone fragility, joint pain, poor wound healing, prone to infections

82
Q

toxicity of vitamin c

A

impacts insulin response, digestive upset, prooxidant

83
Q

DRI for vitamin c

A

90mg/day M, 75mg/day W, UIL = 2000mg/day ; more with tobacco use

84
Q

what destroys vitamin c

A

heat and oxygen

85
Q

vitamin b’s role

A

as a part of a coenzyme that is used to activate body enzymes

86
Q

deficiency of b vitamins

A

felt everywhere: skin, swollen tongue, bloodshot eyes, abnormal hear, muscle pain, immuno loss, headache, nausear etc.

87
Q

b vitamins important in energy pathways

A

niacin,thiamin, riboflavin

88
Q

b vitamins important for RNA DNA

A

folate and B12

89
Q

b vitamin needed to process amino acids

A

b6

90
Q

mnemonic device for 8 b vitamins

A

tender romance never fails with 6 or 12 beautiful peals

91
Q

tender romance never fails with 6 or 12 beautiful pearls

A

Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Folate
B6 B12
Biotin
Pantothenic acid

92
Q

thiamin roles

A

energy metabolism of all cells, special sites on nerve cell membranes that impact nerve process and response

93
Q

beriberi

A

thiamin deficiency; wet (with edema) or dry (no edema); can be caused by alcohol abuse that prevents absorption of thiamin

94
Q

DRI for thiamin

A

1.2 mg M, 1.1 mg W

95
Q

riboflavin DRI

A

1.3 mg M, 1.1 mg W

96
Q

riboflavin roles

A

energy metabolism; skin and vision healthri

97
Q

riboflavin deficiency symptoms

A

seem when lack of milk or meat; crack/redness at corners of mouth, painful/smooth/purple tongue, sore throat, sensitivity to light, inflamed eyes

98
Q

niacin DRI

A

16mg M, 14 mg W, UIL 35mg

99
Q

niacin function, deficiency, toxicity

A

energy metabolism

deficiency causes pellagra-overall unwellness with skin rash

toxicity causes hives, flush, rash, sweating, liver damge

100
Q

folate function, deficiency, toxicity

A

synthesize DNA and metabolize amino acids

deficiency causes birth defects/neural tube/development nervous system, anemia, immune drop, ab-digestive function, CVD and cancer risk

toxicity masks b12 deficiency, may negate anticancer drugs

101
Q

dri for folate

A

400micrograms/day, UIL 1000micrograms, higher for people that could become pregnant

102
Q

what destroys folate

A

heat and oxygen

103
Q

two b vitamins that depend on each other for activation

A

b12 and folate

104
Q

compound required to absorbed b 12

A

intrinsic factor

105
Q

anemia caused by lack of intrinsic factor

A

pernicious anemia

106
Q

b12 function, deficiency, toxicity

A

new cell synthesis+nerve cells

deficiency causes pernicious anemia, anemia, smooth tongue, numb/tingle, fatigue, degeneration of nerves-paralysis

none toxicity reported

107
Q

DRI for b12

A

2.4 micrograms/day

108
Q

b6 functions, deficiency, toxicity

A

amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, converts trptophan to niacin to serotoninlps make hemoglobin

deficiency symptoms: anemia, depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave patter, greasy scaly dermatitis

toxicity symptoms: depression skin lesions, nerve damage, skin lesions

109
Q

dri for b6

A

1.3mg/d 19-51 ; UIL 100mg/d

110
Q

biotin function & deficiency

A

cofactor for enzymes that metabolize the macronutrients; gene expression

deficiency symptoms: nausea, appetite loss, abnormal heart, fatigue and tiredness, muscle pain, hair loss, dermitis, depression, pale skin

111
Q

pantothenic acid

A

key coenzyme in the release of energy

112
Q

vitaminlike bioactive compounds

A

compounds that aren’t vitamins as they are nonessential but are highly important and without can cause issues: choline, carnitine, inositol, lipoic acid, bioflavonids, ubiquinone

113
Q

nonvitamins

A

important part of cell machinery: carnitine, inositol, lipoic acid

114
Q

choline

A

could be essential if devoid/body cannot make enough; abundant in foods; makes phospholipid and lecithin

deficiency symptoms fatigue, mood changes and brain fog, memory, muscle aches, non alcoholic fatty liver diseasem inuslin resitance

115
Q

part of co enzyme that works with pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

thiamin b1

116
Q

part of coenzyme involved with electron transport

A

riboflavin b2

117
Q

assists with lipid and cholesterol synthesis

A

b3 niacin

118
Q

part of coenzyme involved with amino acid and fat metabolism

A

b6 pyrodxine

119
Q

component of coenzyme involved with dna synthesis

A

folate

120
Q

part of coenzymes involved in red blood cell synthesis

A

vitamin b12 cyanocobalamin

121
Q

b5 aka

A

pantothenic acid

122
Q

b6 aka

A

pyridoxine

123
Q

b9 aka

A

folate

124
Q

b12 aka

A

cobalamin

125
Q

vitamin that bone and tooth growth

A

A

126
Q

vitamin that assists with iron absorption in small intestine

A

C

127
Q

vitamin for mineralization of bones

A

D

128
Q

vitamin that is anti oxidant

A

E

129
Q

vitamin for protein synthesis in blood clotting

A

K

130
Q
A

1550-Life Sci (6 decks)

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