Proteins & Vitamins - Ch 6&7 Flashcards
1
Q
two key differences of proteins between fats and carbs
A
made of nitrogen; variation of chemical structure/20 different amino acids to build different proteins
2
Q
what does the backbone of an amino acid contain
A
amine group (h2N-) and an acid group (-COOH), with a centre carbon (-C-)
3
Q
bond between amino acids
A
peptide bond
4
Q
dispensable/nonessential amino acids
A
AA that body can make for itself given the needed parts
5
Q
indispensable/essential AA
A
AA body cannot make or make too slowly for need; must be replenished externally
6
Q
conditionally indispensable/essential AA
A
when a nonessential is unable to be supplied sufficiently via diet or body creation
7
Q
how does the body recycle AA
A
when proteins have finished their cellular work they can be broken down into AA that can be reused to build again or can break down AA surplus as energy ; this allows for emergency energy storage in tissues
7
Q
DRI intake for women&men of protein
A
46 & 56g
7
Q
WHO upper and lower limit of total cal from protein
A
15-10%
7
Q
DRI’s acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) of protein
A
10-35% total energy
8
Q
Lindsay Likes The Isolation More Than Very Heavy Pressure
A
9 - Essential Amino Acid Acronym
Leucine Lysine Threonine Isoleucine Methionine(cysteineA) Tryptophan Valine Histidine Phenylalanine (tyrosineA)
8
Q
LLTIMTVHP
A
Lindsay Likes The Isolation More Than Very Heavy Pressure
9
Q
convert pounds to kilo
A
divide pounds by 2.2
9
Q
how many grams of protein does DRI recommended daily
A
0.8g/kg of a persons total mass
10
Q
what can denature a protein
A
heat, alcohol, acids, bases, or salts of heavy metals
11
Q
polypeptide
A
string of AA
12
Q
what protects stomach from its acid
A
mucus secreted by it’s linings tissues
13
Q
why dont the stomach enzymes denature like the proteins in food do
A
acid tolerant
14
Q
transanimated
A
synthesize a new dispensable amino
15
Q
deaminate
A
use amino acid for energy
16
Q
where are proteins completely digested
A
small intestine; absorbed into blood stream
17
Q
protein turnover
A
entire process of breakdown, recovery and synthesis of proteins
18
Q
coooking with moist heat improves
A
protein digestibility
19
Q
what makes a protein functional
A
-composed of several peptide chains that cluster together to be functioning unit OR a mineral or vitamin joins to activate it
20
what impacts the solubility of a protein
its charge, if its charge it attracts water, if its not it repels water and attract itself
21
where in small intestine are amino acids absorbed
in specific sites for specific amino acids
22
where are amino acids carried to in the blood stream
liver
23
when a large dose of a single amino acid is absorbed it may limit
absorption of that general type of amino acid
24
8 roles of body proteins
growth&maintenance; building compounds i.e hormones, enzymes; building antibodies; clotting; fluid and electrolyte balance; acid base balance; energy and glucose
25
antibody function
destroys one specific invader; develops immunity to that spec invader; remembers invader and attacks more rapidly next time
26
most important protein
enzymes
27
avg protein turnover in adult per day
300-400 grams; 20% of our resting needs
28
body cannot store
amino acids
29
complementary proteins
eating a combo of foods so AA supply is balanced
30
mutual supplementation
concept of combining two incomplete protein sources so the limiting amino acid in one food makes up for the lacking in the other
31
PDCAAS
Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score; measuring tool that determines protein quality by its digestibility and proportions of amino acids it provides on a scare of 0-100
32
example of complementary proteins
pea flour and whole wheat flour
33
negative nitrogen balance occurs
when proteins is lost - more nitrogen lost then taking in
34
positive nitrogen balance
more nitrogen in than out - when more proteins are being built then taken in, such as working out or pregnancy, growing up
35
PEU
protein-energy undernutrition; malnutrition from lack of protein; most common; can stunt growth; two forms marasmus and kwashiokor
36
marasmus
calorie-deficiency disease; starvation; 6-18 months of ages typically; stunts brain development; no body heat; point of no return when protein synsthesis mechanisms are degraded
37
kwashiorkor
disease of protein malnutrion; has recognizable symptoms such as leg and belly edema; typical when protein is specifically diminished causing fluid imbalances; hair colour changes; typically 1-3 years
38
6 nutrients a veg diet may lack
vitamin d, omega 3, vitamin b12, calcium, zinc, iron,
39
the only disease a vitamin can cure
one that is caused by deficiency by that vitamin
40
vitamin
noncaloric, organic, essential nutrients to body functions in minute amounts; role in diving cell process
41
precursors/provitamins
certains vitamins that occur in foods that once inside the body, they are transformed chemically to one or more active vitamin forms
42
four fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
43
2 water soluble vitamins
B and C
44
8 types of vitamin B
Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (b2), Niacin (b3), folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Biotin, Pantothenic acid
45
why is solubility of vitamin important
determines absorption, transportation, storage, and how easily lost in the body; i.e. behaviour in the body
46
fat soluble vitamin characteristics
absorbed in the lymph, travel in the blood, stored in liver or with other lipids in fatty tissues; higher risk for vitamin toxicity; dont need everyday; dissolve in lipid
47
water soluble vitamins
absorbed direct into bloodstream, travel freely and excesses released into urine; dissolve in water
48
mineral oil as a laxative risks
losing fat soluble vitamins that dissolve with it as mineral oil cant be dissolved
49
vitamin A
first fat soluble vitamin recognized; precursor is beta-carotene; 3 active forms: retinol, retinoic acid, retinal; particularly in eyesight
50
7 main roles of vitamin A
vision; gene expression; critical for reproduction; normal development of cells; maintenance of body linings and skin; bone and body growth; immune defences
51
how does vitamin A impact eyesight
process of light perception, maintaining healthy cornea, part of the rhodopsin molecule
52
rhodopsin
light sensitive pigment of cells in retina
53
night blindness
slow recovery of vision after exposure of flash at night; symptom of vitamin A deficiency
54
consequences of deficiency of vitamin a
keratinization/clouding cornea, xerosis/xerophthalmia/drying/blindness, impaired cell differentiation/immune weak, bone and teeth growth
55
normal ranges of vitamin 8 in micrograms and impacts
56
RAE
retinol activity equivalents; measures vitamin a activity for vitamin a precursors
57
avg DRI intake of vitamin a
900 micrograms M, 700 micrograms W
58
most potentially toxic vitamin
D
59
5-10 minutes of sun each day spring-fall gives body
vitamin D
60
3 main functions of vitamin D
calcium regulation/bone integrity; functions as a hormone; stimulates maturation of body cells
61
three areas vitamin D raises calcium level
skeleton, kidneys; digestive tract
62
deficiency in Vitamin D can cause
high BP, colon/prostate cancer etc, Type 1 diabetes, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rickets
63
Factors affecting sun exposure and vitamin D synthesis:
Homebound: Living indoors prevents sun exposure.
Season: Warmer seasons of the year bring more direct sun rays.
Sunscreen: Use reduces or prevents skin exposure to sun’s rays.
Time of day: Midday hours provide maximum direct sun exposure
64
precursor cholesterol in skin for vitamin d
7-dehydrocholesterol
65
precursor from ultraviolet activation from 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin
previtamin D3
66
what vitamin d is in liver
calcidoiol/25-hydroxyvitamin d3
67
what vitamin d is in kidneys
calcitriol/1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
68
what food precursors of vitamin d work with previtamin d3 from the sun to create vitamin d3
ergocalciferol (plants) and cholecalciferol (animals)
69
DRI intakes for vitamin d
15 microg 19-70.
20 micrograms 70+
Increase after 50
70
vitamin e
antioxidant; quenches free radicals and prevents them from causing cell damage; critical in lungs and high oxygen places
71
vitamin e deficiency common example
erythrocyte hemolysis - infant blood cells rupture causing anemia
72
vitamin e supplements increase the effects
of anticoagulant medication
73
DRI recommendations for vitamin e
15mg/day
74
UIL of vitamin E
1000 mg
75
medicine that interferes with clotting associated with vitamin K
warfarin
76
functions of vitamin k
synthesis of blood clotting and bone proteins
77
deficiency risks with vitamin k
hemorrhage; abnormal bone formation
78
DRI for vitamin K
120micrograms M, 90 micrograms W
79
toxic does of Vitamin K can lead to
Jaundice - yellowing of skin due to bilirubin from liver into circulatory system
80
roles of vitamin c
maintain connective tissues (collagen/carnitine); antioxidant protect iron from oxidation to promote absorption; restores vitamin E to active form, supports immune system, forms scar tissue, matrix for bone growth
81
deficiency associated to vitamin c
scurvy with pinpoint hemorrhage, bleeding gums, fatigue, bruises, bone fragility, joint pain, poor wound healing, prone to infections
82
toxicity of vitamin c
impacts insulin response, digestive upset, prooxidant
83
DRI for vitamin c
90mg/day M, 75mg/day W, UIL = 2000mg/day ; more with tobacco use
84
what destroys vitamin c
heat and oxygen
85
vitamin b's role
as a part of a coenzyme that is used to activate body enzymes
86
deficiency of b vitamins
felt everywhere: skin, swollen tongue, bloodshot eyes, abnormal hear, muscle pain, immuno loss, headache, nausear etc.
87
b vitamins important in energy pathways
niacin,thiamin, riboflavin
88
b vitamins important for RNA DNA
folate and B12
89
b vitamin needed to process amino acids
b6
90
mnemonic device for 8 b vitamins
tender romance never fails with 6 or 12 beautiful peals
91
tender romance never fails with 6 or 12 beautiful pearls
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Folate
B6 B12
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
92
thiamin roles
energy metabolism of all cells, special sites on nerve cell membranes that impact nerve process and response
93
beriberi
thiamin deficiency; wet (with edema) or dry (no edema); can be caused by alcohol abuse that prevents absorption of thiamin
94
DRI for thiamin
1.2 mg M, 1.1 mg W
95
riboflavin DRI
1.3 mg M, 1.1 mg W
96
riboflavin roles
energy metabolism; skin and vision healthri
97
riboflavin deficiency symptoms
seem when lack of milk or meat; crack/redness at corners of mouth, painful/smooth/purple tongue, sore throat, sensitivity to light, inflamed eyes
98
niacin DRI
16mg M, 14 mg W, UIL 35mg
99
niacin function, deficiency, toxicity
energy metabolism
deficiency causes pellagra-overall unwellness with skin rash
toxicity causes hives, flush, rash, sweating, liver damge
100
folate function, deficiency, toxicity
synthesize DNA and metabolize amino acids
deficiency causes birth defects/neural tube/development nervous system, anemia, immune drop, ab-digestive function, CVD and cancer risk
toxicity masks b12 deficiency, may negate anticancer drugs
101
dri for folate
400micrograms/day, UIL 1000micrograms, higher for people that could become pregnant
102
what destroys folate
heat and oxygen
103
two b vitamins that depend on each other for activation
b12 and folate
104
compound required to absorbed b 12
intrinsic factor
105
anemia caused by lack of intrinsic factor
pernicious anemia
106
b12 function, deficiency, toxicity
new cell synthesis+nerve cells
deficiency causes pernicious anemia, anemia, smooth tongue, numb/tingle, fatigue, degeneration of nerves-paralysis
none toxicity reported
107
DRI for b12
2.4 micrograms/day
108
b6 functions, deficiency, toxicity
amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, converts trptophan to niacin to serotoninlps make hemoglobin
deficiency symptoms: anemia, depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave patter, greasy scaly dermatitis
toxicity symptoms: depression skin lesions, nerve damage, skin lesions
109
dri for b6
1.3mg/d 19-51 ; UIL 100mg/d
110
biotin function & deficiency
cofactor for enzymes that metabolize the macronutrients; gene expression
deficiency symptoms: nausea, appetite loss, abnormal heart, fatigue and tiredness, muscle pain, hair loss, dermitis, depression, pale skin
111
pantothenic acid
key coenzyme in the release of energy
112
vitaminlike bioactive compounds
compounds that aren't vitamins as they are nonessential but are highly important and without can cause issues: choline, carnitine, inositol, lipoic acid, bioflavonids, ubiquinone
113
nonvitamins
important part of cell machinery: carnitine, inositol, lipoic acid
114
choline
could be essential if devoid/body cannot make enough; abundant in foods; makes phospholipid and lecithin
deficiency symptoms fatigue, mood changes and brain fog, memory, muscle aches, non alcoholic fatty liver diseasem inuslin resitance
115
part of co enzyme that works with pyruvate dehydrogenase
thiamin b1
116
part of coenzyme involved with electron transport
riboflavin b2
117
assists with lipid and cholesterol synthesis
b3 niacin
118
part of coenzyme involved with amino acid and fat metabolism
b6 pyrodxine
119
component of coenzyme involved with dna synthesis
folate
120
part of coenzymes involved in red blood cell synthesis
vitamin b12 cyanocobalamin
121
b5 aka
pantothenic acid
122
b6 aka
pyridoxine
123
b9 aka
folate
124
b12 aka
cobalamin
125
vitamin that bone and tooth growth
A
126
vitamin that assists with iron absorption in small intestine
C
127
vitamin for mineralization of bones
D
128
vitamin that is anti oxidant
E
129
vitamin for protein synthesis in blood clotting
K
130
