Water, Electrolyte, And Acid Base Balance

Question 1

TBW =

Answer 1

Total Body Water

Question 2

What is total body water (TBW)?

Answer 2

TBW content averages 50-70% of body weight

Question 3

What does the total body water depend on?

Answer 3

• age
• sex
• fatty mass per cent (fat tissue has a lower water content)

Question 4

How is the total body water (TBW) distributed?

Answer 4

• 2/3 of TBW is intracellular

- 1/3 of TBW is extracellular

Question 5

LOOK AT THE TABLE “water balance”

Answer 5

On the first page of this PP

Question 6

Dehydration def:

Answer 6

Dehydration is not having enough water in the body

Question 7

How does the body try to deal with dehydration?

Answer 7

• the body tries to keep blood pressure from falling by moving water from cells and the spaces around the cells into blood vessels
• tissues dry out
• the kidneys try to conserve water by concenrating urine

Question 8

Conditions that make dehydration more likely include the following: (I have not included everything that is on this list becaseu some are logical)

Answer 8

• kidney disorders, because kidneys are less able to concentrate urine as needed
• problem with walking, because getting water is difficult
• dementia, because the sense of thirst is reduced and the ability to get water when needed is impaired
• use of diuretics, because these drugs increased the amount of water (and salt) excreted by kidneys

Question 9

Isotonic dehydration:

Answer 9

• Na loss in the isolsmolalic solution form
• Body fluid loss by digestive track (vomiting, diarrhea)
• Loss of sodium and water by kidneys
• Blood loss
• Intestinal obstruction

Question 10

What are the main symptomps of isotonic dehydration?

Answer 10

• hypovolemia
• circulatory disturbances
• collapse
• pressure fall
• kidney function disturbances (prerenal failure) with oliguria and uremia

Question 11

What does the laboratory test of somebidy with isotonic dehydration show?

Answer 11

• increase: Hb, Ht, Total protein, RBC

- Na-0

Question 12

Hypertonic dehydration:

Answer 12

• Free water loss: more water is lost than sodium

Question 13

Wyat causes hypertonic dehydration?

Answer 13

• high loss of body fluids by: kidney (renal diabetes insioidus, osmotic diuresis in diabetes), lungs (hyperventilation), skin
• low water inntake: young children, senseless people, old people

Question 14

What does the laboratory test of those who have hypertonic dehydration show?

Answer 14

Increase: Ht (0), Hb, Osm, Na, RBC

Question 15

Hypotonic dehydration:

Answer 15

Loss sodium syndrome

Question 16

What is loss sodium syndrome?

Answer 16

• hypotonic dehydration

- loss of sodium by kidneys: chronic renal failure, Addison disease, organic lesion of CNS

Question 17

What will the laboratory findings of somebody with hypotonic dehydration show?

Answer 17

• Increase: Ht, Hb, Osm, RBC

- Decrease: Na

Question 18

Overhydration def;

Answer 18

Overhydration is having too much water in the body

Question 19

How does the body react to overhydration?

Answer 19

The blodd vessels overfill and fluid moves from the blood vessels into the spaces around the cells, causing swelling (edema)

Question 20

What can the examinations, for an overhydrated patient, show?

Answer 20

• blood test may be done to measure levels of electrolytes or other substances that indicate how well the kidneys are functioning
• a chest x-ray can show the back of fluid in the lungs
• test may be needed to determine whether heart failure is present
• for people who are overhydrated, treatment involves helping the body excrete the excess waater. Diuretics are drugs that help the kidneys do just that.

Question 21

What causes overhydration?

Answer 21

• heart failure
• kidney disorders
• when the body produces too much antidiuretic hormone (may be caused by pneumonia, stroke, and by drugs like carbamazepine and sertraline)
• too rapid intravenous fluid infusion pr blood tansfusions or blood transfusion

Question 22

Isotonic overhydration def:

Answer 22

Excessive retention of body water and Na