Cerebrospinal and other bodily fluids - DONE

Question 1

What is CSF?

Answer 1

it is a mixture of fluids generated locally in the brain and filtered serum

• 2-3 ml from midstream
• biochemical, bacteriological and sediments analysis

Question 2

How much CSF does a person have?

Answer 2

150ml

Question 3

What is the daily production of CSF?

Answer 3

40ml

Question 4

CSF characteristics

Answer 4

• Colorless
• Crystal clear
• Doesn’t clot

Question 5

What do we examine?

Answer 5

• Supernatant color
• Clarity
• Protein level
• Glucose level
• Chloride level
• Cytosis
• Cytogram

Question 6

What do we do if the blood is red?

Answer 6

If red, it has to be determined where the blood is come from.
-> After centrifuging color disapear if blood was from capillars broken during syringe prick. If not = Xanthochromia

Question 7

Xanthochromia:

Answer 7

pink, yellow or orange discoloration which does not disapear after cetrifuging

Question 8

WHat can be the, other, causes of discoloration of CSF

Answer 8

subarachnoid hemorhhage, hyperbiliubinemia

Question 9

Protein level of CSF:

Answer 9

N: 15-45 mg/dl

Question 10

What causes elevated levels of protein in CSF?

Answer 10

• infections
• intracranial hemorrhages
• malignancies
• inflammatory conditions

Question 11

What is the normal glucose level?

Answer 11

N: 50-80 mg/dl (2/3 serum concentration)

-> Depends on serum concentration

Question 12

Glucose level is elevated when?

Answer 12

• Hyperglycemia
• Diabetes
• Stroke

Question 13

Glucose level is decreased when?

Answer 13

• CNS infection
• Chemical meningitis
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Hypoglycemia

Question 14

Chloride concentration in CSF:

Answer 14

• 115-130 mEq/l

- Concentration higher than in serum

Question 15

Chloride level is elevated when?

Answer 15

• Meningitis
• Brain tumors
• Spinal cord inflammation

Question 16

Chloride level is decreased when?

Answer 16

• Tuberculosis
• Syphilis
• Huntington disease

Question 17

Cytosis:

Answer 17

• Count in Fuchs-Rosenthal chamber
• N: 0-5 cells/ μm3
• Newborn children and infants N: 0-30 cells/ μm3
• Has to be counted in two hours – autolysis

Question 18

Cytosis adults:

Answer 18

Adults: 70% lymphocytes, 30% monocytes

Question 19

Cytosis infants:

Answer 19

Infants: 70% monocytes, 30% lymphocytes

Question 20

What is required for hematological profile?

Answer 20

For hematological profile EDTA tube is required

Question 21

Potential spaces:

Answer 21

• Pleural cavity
• Peritoneal cavity
• The lining of the pericardial sac and the surface of the heart
• Synovial cavity

Question 22

How are serous fluid classified?

Answer 22

• transudates

- exudates

Question 23

Transudates are generated….

Answer 23

due to plasma oncotic and hydrostatic pressure

Question 24

Exudates are generated….

Answer 24

due to disrupted capillary permeability

Question 25

How does the transudate and exudate fluid differ from each other?

Answer 25

They differ from each other in specific gravity, protein level, LDH level and cytosis

Question 26

DONE EXCEPT FOR TABLES

Answer 26

MEH