Urinanalysis Flashcards
What are the physical characteristics of urine?
- volume
- color
- clarity
- specific gravity
- smell
Screening for chemical constituents of urine:
- protein
- glucose
- ketones
- bile
- urobilinogen
- azotines
- pH
Microscopic examination of the urinary sediment:
Metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitu, kidney disease, and infectious disease of the urinary bladderr or kidney
EUG =
European Urinanalysis Guidelines
Sample collection according to recomendation of EUG:
- random specimen
- first morning specimen
- 24-hour specimen
- catherer collection specimen
- suprapubic aspiration specimen
- pediatric specimen
Random specimen:
- can be collected at any time
- urine elements depends on various factors such as physical activity or fluid supply
- can give inaccurate view of a patient health because the specimen is too diluted and analyte values are artificially lowered
- recomended only in case of emergency
First morning specimen:
- is THE SPECIMEN OF CHOICE for urineanalysis and microscopic examination
- first morning samle after 4-8h night break
- collection to dry, sterile containers
- clean genital area
- mid-stream! (Reduced incidence of cellular and microbial contamination)
When should the first morning specimen be examinated?
Examination during 2h from collection, if impossible- store in the fridge (4+) (up to 24hrs)
What is the exception to the use of the first morning specimen?
To test for the presence of urine sugar, the best specimen is to use the one voided 2 to 3 hrs after a meal. This is the one exception to the recomended use of the first morning specimen.
What do we measure in the 24h collection?
Measurement of:
- creatinine
- urine urea nitrogen
- glucose
- sodium
- potassium
- substances that are affected by dirunal variation
What are the steps in collecting the 24h collection?
- the bladder is emptied before beggining the timed collection
- during the designated 24hr period, all urine is collected and polled into a collection container with the final collection at the end of the period
- usually the specimen is refrigerated
- accurate timing is critical to determine the concentration of various analytes and calculated ratios.
Catheter collection sample:
- this procedure is conducted when a patient is confined to bed or cannot urinare independently
- requires insertion of a Foley catheter into the bladder through the urethra to collect the urine specimen
Suprapubic aspiration specimen:
- this method is used when a bedridden patient cannot be catheterized or a sterile specimen is required
- the urine specimen is collected by needle aspiration throught the abdominal wall into the bladder
Pediatric specimen:
For infants and small children, a special urine collection bag is adhered to the skin surrounding the uretheral area
The volume of the urine depends on:
- diet
- fluids intake
- loss of luids
- renal function
- age
- sex
- physchic condition
