Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography Unit 3 > Water Conflicts > Flashcards

Water Conflicts Flashcards

All relevant case study knowledge

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

How are water resources distributed unevenly?

A

66% of the world’s people recieve just 25% of rainfall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much of the world’s population lack access to clean and safe water?

A

Nearly 25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much of the world’s freshwater supply is used by agriculture?

A

69%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much of total crop area is irrigated?

A

17%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much more water does beef use than rice in production?

A

10x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

LEDCs spend how much percentage of their freshwater supply on agriculture in some places…

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Industry uses what percentage of freshwater?

A

21%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How much is domestic demand increasing by every 20 years?

A

2x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How much water do developed countries use compared to Africa?

A

100,000 litres/year per person compared to 50,000 in Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

$1 spent on sanitation…

A

Generates $7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is water access so poor for LEDCs?

A

By 2005, only 12% had effective strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is use of water resources unequal?

A

12% of the world’s population consume 85% of the avaliable water on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many dont have access to clean water?

A

783 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many are without sanitation?

A

Nearly 2.5 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many deaths is sewage in rivers predicted to cause by 2020?

A

135 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the physical landscape of calafornia cause physical water scarcity?

A
  • Mountain chains, including the Sierra Nevada mountains, run parallel to the coast, causing a shadow effect inland (death valley)
  • Sinking air at hadley cell, so high pressure restricts rainfall in the area.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the extent of Calafornia’s arid climate?

A
  • 200-500mm of rainfall per year

- Under 100mm to the south and east, where rainshadow effect occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do groundwater stores form?

A

Surface water infiltrates through the surface layer and percolates through the rocks as groundwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is Calafornia reliant on groundwater sources?

A

1/3 of all fresh water is from groundwater sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is rainfall in calafornia uneven?

A

75% of rain falls between November and May

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do el nino and la nina effect rainfall?

A

El nino brings increased rainfall, La nina the reverse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What year was the colorado compact devised?

A

1922

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the colorado compact?

A

determines water rights between 7 US states, Native american groups and Mexico

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many golf courses do Calafornia have irrigated?

A

883

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is the San Joaquin river delta being damaged?

A

Its becoming salinised as a result of poorly man-made levees allowing salty water in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is the Salton sea being polluted?

A
  • 75% inflow from agricultural runoff
  • salt content 25% higher than pacific
  • 7.5 million fish died in 1 day!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the population predictes to be by 2025 in california?

A

40-50 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How much of southern calafornia’s water does the colorado river provide?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the problem with water supply and demand in calafornia?

A
  • 75% demand comes from Sacramento

- 75% rainfall falls to north of Sacramento

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What percentage of the average nigerian family’s $2 a day goes towards water?

A

60% ($1.20)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why is water for nigerians so expensive?

A
  • Very few places have access to mains or pipe water

- Water comes from privately bored wells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What profit did Agua del Tunari, a subsidiary of Bechtel, expect on the water system in bolivia?

A

16%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How much did locals in Cochabamba, Bolivia, face paying for water?

A

20% of their income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why was Bolivia’s water privatised?

A

The world bank made it an explicit condition when offering aid in the mid 1990s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How much water does it take to produce 1 litre of coca cola?

A

2.7 litres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How much did the water table drop by between 1992 and 2008 in Rajasthan?

A

Almost 40m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How much is extraction from Murray Darlin Basin increasing annually?

A

4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Average rainfall of Murray Darlin Basin is…?

A

480mm/year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

On what is Argriculture in the Murray Darlin Basin reliant?

A

30 dams + 3500 weirs and pipelines for irrigation

40
Q

How have the Dams affected wetland and bird species in the MDB?

A

50-80% now extinct

41
Q

How much did water consumption rise between 1996-2002 in the MDB?

A

29%

42
Q

Who uses the MDB?

A
  • Farmers
  • residents,
  • industrialists,
  • tourist operators,
  • international heritage organisations.
43
Q

How many hectares of farmland are on the MDB?

A

89 million

44
Q

How is water use on the MBD uneven?

A

1.4% of the MBD uses 75% of all Australia’s irrigation water

45
Q

Environmental degradation to the MDB

A
  • increased salinity (rising water table increasing soil salinity)
  • soil degradation (due to overexploitation)
  • Eutrophication
  • Groundwater beccoming depleted.
  • Ecosystem loss (e.g Barmah- Millewa forest for farmland)
46
Q

What is the Murray Darlin Basin Authority? (MBDA)

A

Responsible for preparing and overseeing a legally enforceable management plan, including limiting the amount of water taken from the basin. An integrated management system.

47
Q

Where is the Aral sea, and who decided to divert the Syr Darya and Amu Darya that contributed to the shrinking of it?

A

Between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, with the soviets diverting them to boost agricultural production

48
Q

How did rate of abstraction from the rivers feeding the aral sea increase between 1960 and 2000

A

x2

49
Q

How great is salinity in Aral sea compared to oceans?

A

35g/l compared to 15g/l in oceans

50
Q

How much has the Aral sea declined by?

A

90%

51
Q

How has the fish trade died in the Aral sea?

A

No longer any fishing jobs, so 90% unemployment in the area. Used to produce 1/6 of the USSR fish catch

52
Q

What has been done to restore the Aral sea? Did it work?

A
  • $68 million loan from world bank to Kazak government to build kokaral dam that sllits the sea.
  • Has improved sea levels and reduced salinity in the north, but has led to further decline in the south.
53
Q

How has the Kokaral dam restored the aral sea to the north?

A
  • Raised it by Over 12m
  • Fish catch from the aral have grown from 695 metric tonnes in 2005 to 5595 in 2014 (was 34000 in 1961 though)
  • More than 5000 people have moved back over the past few years
54
Q

What percentage of Africa’s population live on the Nile Basin?

A

40%

55
Q

Why has ethiopia’s demand for water suddenly increased?

A
  • GDP per capita more than doubled between 2005-2010 ( at $400)
  • rapidly growing population (at 78 million)
  • Need water for irrigation and agriculture to fuel economic growth, after emerging from decades of famine and civil war.
56
Q

Why is Egypt worried about water security?

A
  • Ethiopia’s Grand Renassiance Dam may restrict suppply to Lake Nasser, the world’s largest artificial lake and reliant supply.
  • Precipitation is predicted to drop 10-20% by 2030
57
Q

How much will the Grand Ethiopean Renassiance Dam cost and what benefits will it provide?

A
  • Cost $4.7 billion
  • Provide 6000Mw/year, some of ehich can be exported to neighbouring sudan
  • employ 8500 people in construction
58
Q

What percentage of Kenyans don’t have access to safe drinking water?

A

39%

59
Q

How is Lake Naivasha important to Kenya?

A

It supports the flourishing industry of horticulture and Floriculture

60
Q

How does Kenya’s flower industry exacerbate water scarcity?

A
  • Virtual water
  • Large exports to britain, every 50g of salad exported uses up 50L of virtual water
  • the 88 million tonnes of flowers grown annually compromise the ability to grow food for self- sufficiency
61
Q

Reasons for physical water scarcity in the middle east…

A
  • One of the driest regions in the world ( average rainfall annually expected to be 500m*3 by 2025)
  • on high pressure belt
  • Continental (extremes in climate)
  • 5% worlds population, 1% worlds freshwater
  • large disparity in rainfall (iran 1200m*3 per year vs 200 in jordon)
62
Q

How is the mountain aquifer split between israel and palestine?

A
  • 80% israel

- 20% palestine

63
Q

Why does Israel have water insecurity?

A
  • consumes 500 billion litres more than it recieves naturally
  • population growth 1.5% per year
  • greater periods of drought
64
Q

what is the difference in water usage between israel and palestine?

A
  • Israelis use 240 cubic metres of water per person per year

- West bank palestinians 75 and Gazans 125 cubic metres per person per year.

65
Q

Why is there water conflict between Israel and Palestine?

A
  • Palestine have had access of the west bank obstructed since Israeli occupation of west bank in 1967
  • Wall has been built on the west bank, in a way that prevents Palestinians from accessing their most valuable and fertile land, as well as blocking the part of the west bank containing the most vital water sources.
66
Q

Israel solution to secure water supply

A
  • Importing 50 million cubic metres from turkey per year
  • pumping sea water from the red sea and med for desalinisation
  • sewage recycling (65% all crops already use water treated this way)
67
Q

what percentage of total water supply will desalinisation account for by the year 2020 in Israel?

A

25%

68
Q

Why might there be high potential for water conflict between Israel and palestine?

A
  • There is already tension and dispute over the land that the aquifers lie under
  • Between the muslim population in palestine and the Jewish population of israel
69
Q

What is the Turkish GAP Project and how much will it cost?

A
  • South-Eastern Anatolian project is a multisecoral and integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development
  • Cost $32 billion
70
Q

What does the Gap project aim to do?

A

Social-economic developments:

  • better education
  • healthcare
  • prevent out migration of young people
71
Q

What does the Gap project involve and what are the aims?

A
  • 22 Dams and 19 HEP plants
  • Irrigate 1.7 million hectares of farmland
  • Grow South East Anatolia econony by 400%
  • Dam Euphrates and Tigris rivers
72
Q

Why are Syria and Iraq concerned about the GAP project?

A

Euphrates and Tigris Rivers provide most of their water, so worried their water supplies will be cut off, making this a geopolitical issue

73
Q

Purpose of South-North Transfer project

A

-Move Southern China’s highly abundant water resources to the highly populated north (where demand is high)

74
Q

How great is demand in the Beijing-Tianjin region?

A
  • 4.9 billion cubic metres per year

- risen due to 6x increase in agricultural output in 20 years

75
Q

What is the cost and scale of the South-North water transfer project?

A
  • cost $78 billion
  • build 3 canals running 1300km across eastern, middle and western parts of china
  • Transfer 45 billion cubic metres per year
76
Q

Issue with South-North water transfer

A
  • 380,000 displaced, moving over 500km away
  • Central government will pay 60% of the costs
  • fear of ecological disatser and high water pollution
  • Wont be finished until 2050
77
Q

Problems of water geopolitics

A
  • Upstream users will claim territorial sovereignty (on our land so is ours)
  • Downstream countries claim territorial integrity (cant just take it away)
78
Q

Name an example of a successfully managed water geopolitics and why could it work?

A

2000 EU Water Framework Directive
- protect, enhance european groundwater, rivers and lakes by making each country resposible for the sections in their country (integrated exonomic management)

Possible due to:

  • good relations between EU countries
  • wealth to afford tech fixes and other measures (e.g virtual water trading)
  • Europe has larger precipitation than other areas (e.g middle east)
79
Q

What are the Helsinki rules?

A 
Aim to ensure equitable use across a water basin
Factors to be taken into account:
-natural (e.g precipitaion levels)
-socio-economic needs
-dependancy on river
-downstream impacts
-prior use and efficiency
80
Q

What is the Major problen with the Helsinki rules?

A

They are not binding, so often, more powerful countries get the better deals (e.g middle east)

81
Q

What is the Snowy Mountains scheme? (Australia)

A
  • 16 major dams
  • 7 power stations
  • 225km of tunnels and pipelines
82
Q

What is the purpose of The Snowy Mountains Scheme?

A
  • High economic purpose
  • Supples vital water to farming industries of inland New South Wales and Victoria.
  • Produces up to 10% of all electricity needs in New South Wales
83
Q

Conflicts with Snowy Mountains Scheme?

A
  • Lake Eucumbene (largest reservoir in project) has destroyed many habitats
  • Snowy River beliw 1% of its original discharge in some places
  • Water scarcity set farmers against city dwellers
84
Q

What is the Lesotho Highlands Water Project?

A

Bi- National infrastructure project between Lesotho and South Africa

  • Network of 5 dams, 200km of tunnel
  • Transfer 2 billion cubic metres of water to South Africa
  • Produce 72 MW of HEP for Lesotho
  • estimated cost $8 billion
85
Q

What were the costs if the Lesthoto water project?

A

Social:

  • 20,000 people displaced due to Katse Dam (biggest)
  • 20,000 migrated to work on project, introducing AIDS to the country

Economic:

  • Water tariffs rose by 4% in 2004 (in SA)
  • Forced to buy water from Lesotho.

Environmental:

  • Reduction in Fisheries
  • Loss of flooding, critical to local ecosystems
  • Lower oxygen levels in water and change in temperature
86
Q

What is the World’s largest Desalinisation plant, and how much water can it export per day?

A

Ras Al Khair plant, Saudi Arabia. Export 1 million Cubic metres of water per day.

87
Q

How can ‘players’ be grouped?

A
  1. Political (IGOs, governments, pressure groups)
  2. Social (individuals, consumers, scientists)
  3. Economic (developers, TNCs, agricultural producers)
  4. Environmental (conservationists, NGOs)
88
Q

What are the 4 main water solution types?

A
  • Hard engineering (e.g desalinisation, transfers,dams)
  • Restoration (e.g Aral sea)
  • Water conservation (can be more attitudinal fixes)
  • Intermediate technology
89
Q

What is the purpose of the Three gorges dam?

A
  • supply water to region responsible for 22% of china’s GDP
  • power 1/3 households in china (power generated equivilant to 50 million tonnes of raw coal)
  • reduce flood risk for 15 million people
90
Q

What issues does the building of the three gorges dam present?

A
  • 1.9 million displaced
  • 100,000 hectares arible farmland flooded
  • 530 million tonnes of silt annually trapped behind dam (reduce water quality)
91
Q

How have levels in use of desalinisation increased? and why is this?

A

Since 1985, global amount of drinking water used produced gone from 7.5% to 35%. More economically viable, due to rise in demand and subsequent rise in cost

92
Q

Why was the Kissimmee river channelised and what were the impacts?

A

To try and reduce river flooding

Impacts:

  • Less recharge in miami groundwater aquifers
  • Flow from 0.42-0.05 meteres per second
  • 92% loss bird life
  • salinisation of water supply
93
Q

How was the Kissimmee River Restored?

A
  • Leeves removed and meanders restored
  • Some of canal remains to protect settlement
  • 11,000 hecters restored to wetlands
  • 89% increase in fish to restored areas
94
Q

What is water conservation?

A

Involves reducing the amount of water used in all spheres of its use e.g efficient irrigation or recyling in industry

95
Q

Name three examples of water conservations schemes

A

Agriculture -using infrared sensors to monitor when crops need water.
Education -annual pee outside day in sweden
Domestic - shorten showers (attitudinal fix)

Geography Unit 3 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions