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Geography Unit 3 > Energy Security > Flashcards

Energy Security Flashcards

To learn content for energy security unit of contested planet

1
Q

How much of the world’s energy do Non-renewables currently provide?

A

85%

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2
Q

Name 4 key players in the energy game

A
  • Governments
  • Energy TNCs (e.g BP)
  • OPEC (Cartel)
  • Consumers
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3
Q

How much oil does China Produce per day, compared to consumption?

A
  • Produces 3 million barrels per day

- Consumes over 7 million barrels per day.

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4
Q

How has GDP grown in China since 1980?

A

It has doubled every 8 years.

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5
Q

How much of the world’s Primary energy needs does coal satisfy and does it make up such a large composition of the world’s Energy Mix?

A

23%

-Cheap and highly abundant

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6
Q

How can coal be made clean?

A

-Wet Particle scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators can help cut particulate emissions by 99.5%

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7
Q

What are the Negative impacts of the burning of Coal?

A
  • produces 9 billion tonnes C02 per year

- 500 tonnes of particulates (causing respiratory problems)

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8
Q

What are the main benefits of Oil as a source of power?

A
  • High energy density (little oil = lots energy)
  • Easy to produce and refine
  • Good infrastructure in place to support the industry and distribution
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9
Q

What are the main drawbacks to oil as a source of power?

A
  • Threat that peak oil has/will be reached
  • Over reliance on oil can be detrimental to energy security, as well as income (Nigeria, 90% exports)
  • Threat of oil spill, damaging marine life (Bp, Deepwater Horizon 2010)
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10
Q

Why is natural gas important to the future of the world’s energy mix?

A

Will bridge energy supply gap until renewable sources of power are made commercially viable

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11
Q

What are the benefits of Nuclear energy?

A
  • No GH gas emissions
  • Uranium plentiful, so not as vulnerable to price fluctuations.
  • Less stress on geopolitics
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12
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of Nuclear energy

A
  • High construction and decommissioning costs

- Chance of nuclear meltdown

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13
Q

Give two benefits of wind power

A
  • UK government estimated in 2010,wind power saved 6 billion tonnes Carbon dioxide emissions
  • Economic benefit (10800 jobs manufacturing and installing turbines in UK)
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14
Q

What are the two main disadvantages of Wind power?

A
  • Often suitable for remote locations, so expensive distribution
  • Wind variations = unreliable.
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15
Q

What are the main reasons for rises in levels of global consumption?

A
  • Population increase
  • Emerging economies (industrialisation of RICS and NICs)
  • Increased wealth worldwide and standard of living (BRICS)
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16
Q

What proportion of Oil supplies do OPEC own?

A

79%

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17
Q

What percentage of Gazprom is owned by the Russian state?

A

50%

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18
Q

To what extent do Gazprom control global gas supply?

A
  • 1/3 world’s supply controlled
  • Provides 25% EU gas
  • world’s 3rd largest corporation
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19
Q

How many biogas stoves are estimated to be used in India and China?

A

5 million

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20
Q

Why was there dispute between Russia and the Ukraine, what were the consequences?

A
  • In 2004, Pro Russia leader removed in Ukraine, replaced with Pro-western reforms.
  • Russia 4x Gas price
  • Ukraine refused to pay, so gas cut off in middle of winter.
  • State owned governments important for geopolitics.
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21
Q

How many countries does BP produce oil in?

A

25, but operational in 80

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22
Q

What was the extent of the 2010 deep water horizon oil spill?

A
  • 4.9 million barrels of oil into the gulf of Mexico
  • 4600 animals killed
  • $42.5 billion loss for BP
  • $23 billion dollar estimated loss in tourism over 3 years
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23
Q

What makes Energy TNCs so important to the production and supply of energy?

A

They are vertically integrated, being involved in exploration, production, refining and transportation.

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24
Q

How many barrels of oil do BP produce per day?

A

3.8 million

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25
Q

Name one way how TNCs such as BP can be important to the supply of energy in the future.

A

Using financial power to diversify and invest in renewables. E.g BP invest over $1 billion per year in the development of biofuels, solar and wind.

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26
Q

Give an example of how OPEC have asserted their power on the world.

A

1973 Oil Crises -In protest to war, OPEC set an Oil embargo on the USA, Canada and UK (others) rising the price from $3-12 per barrel in the space of 6 months, triggering a recession.

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27
Q

How can National governments influence energy supply?

A

Influence in allocating or removing drilling and exploration licenses. E.g Drilling was banned after the Deepwater Horizon disaster in 2010

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28
Q

Why drill deep? (in the case of BP)

A
  • 12% of all conventional oil reserves are Deepwater
  • by 2035, production predicted 11% global output
  • US imported 49% of oil at the time (66% from OPEC)
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29
Q

What is an energy pathway?

A

The flow of energy from producer to consumer

30
Q

What are the names of the Major pipelines that connect Russia with the rest of the EU?

A
  • Nord Stream

- South Stream

31
Q

Name three social challenges to energy flow

A
  • Piracy
  • Terrorism
  • NIMBY
32
Q

Name three environmental challenges to energy flow

A
  • Subsistence of pipes (in ice)
  • Plate tectonics
  • Disrupt migration patterns.
33
Q

Name two political challenges to energy flow

A
  • unstable producer

- geopolitical arguments (e.g Russia-Ukraine)

34
Q

What is the Nabucco pipeline?

A
  • The ‘new gas bridge’ between from Asia to Europe

- Connecting world’s richest gas regions (Caspian, Middle East, Egypt)

35
Q

What will be the extent of the Nabucco pipeline and what economic benefits may it provide?

A
  • 3300km long
  • capacity of 31 bcm (billion cubic metres)
  • could transport 1550 bcm to Europe over 50 years.
  • create 7000 new jobs (more via multiplier)
36
Q

Name an example of how terrorism has disrupted energy pathways

A
  • Iraq 2003
  • section of pipeline from Kirkuk blown up,
  • Kirkuk produces 40% oil in Iraq
  • Paul Bremer (Us Governor of Iraq) estimated costing $7 million/day
37
Q

Name an example of how Piracy has disrupted energy flow.

A
  • Hijacking of Sirius Star by Somalian Pirates
  • Contained over 25% of Saudi Arabia daily oil exports
  • Help lift global oil prices by over $1
38
Q

How much of Ukraine gas comes from Russia?

A

70%, making up 30% total consumption of energy

39
Q

Why were western European countries concerned by Ukraine-Russian dispute?

A

Ukraine a transit country from which gas is piped through central Europe to western Europe.

40
Q

What is the reason for the latest fall in oil prices (Price shock)

A
  • Oversupply

- In 2015, production outstripped supply by approximately 1.8 million barrels.

41
Q

What factors have lead to the oversupply of oil?

A
  • Uprisings of Arab springs (want to increase public spending to avoid further unrest by increasing oil revenues
  • Weaker demand due to financial crisis.
  • reached ‘peak demand’
42
Q

China vs USA energy security

A
  • Proximity: China closer proximity to oil hotspots (less expensive)
  • Consumption: Disproportionate consumption much higher in US (20 million barrels per day vs 7 million)
  • Domestic supply: China largest producer and consumer of coal so sufficient development, but mined in north and west cannot feed rapid development quickly enough (transportation) US in same position
  • Investing in alternatives:HEP makes up 9% of US energy e.g Idaho however consumption slowed. In China building Dams (Three gorges dam)
43
Q

What are the factors influencing energy security?

A
  • Social (public opinion e.g nuclear)
  • Economic (development, affordability)
  • Environmental (difficulty to recover, potential for renewables, natural resources)
  • political (geopolitical relations)
44
Q

how may energy insecurity lead to conflict between and within countries?

A

-discovery of new energy source (e.g 90 billion barrels of oil in arctic, contested by Canada, Russia, Norway, Denmark and others
-Switching to new energy source (e.g UK government vs people over nuclear, where 78% disapprove of it.
-leads to extreme measures to secure supply (e.g US and Iraq)
-

45
Q

Give a reason why imports in the UK for fossil fuels have increased

A

Declining resources of the North Sea oil

46
Q

How has UK energy mix changed overtime?

A
  • Increase in use of natural gas since north sea deposits found, less coal
  • fossil fuels fallen from 98% 1965 to 80% in 2014 due to nuclear energy capacity improvements
  • Overall consumption not risen much, due to decline in demand for secondary industries and improved production efficiency.
47
Q

How much of the UKs energy mix do the DECC predict renewables will make up by 2030?

A

40%

48
Q

How much of the UKs gas comes from Russia?

A

15%

49
Q

What is the Copenhagen accord 2009?

A
  • 115 world leaders
  • limiting max average temp to 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels
  • Developed countries promised $30 billion to developing nations in reducing GH emissions.
  • Like Kyoto, not legally binding.
50
Q

factors affecting future energy uncertainty

A
  • potential for discovery of new reserves (the Arctic)
  • potential disruption to choke points (e.g Somalian Pirates)
  • Geopolitical disputes
  • controversial energies (nuclear)
51
Q

How does the Emissions trading scheme work? (ETS)

A
  • Cap on total emissions within the scheme is set
  • Companies are given a certain number of permits
  • For every tonne of carbon released, the company has to hand in one of its permits.
  • These permits can be sold and bought, being an incentive to reduce emissions.
52
Q

What is the extent of the EU ETS?

A

-covers 11,000 power stations in 30 different countries

53
Q

What percentage of UK emissions are from domestic homes?

A

30%

54
Q

What percentage of duel fuel bills (one energy provider) in 2013 was on Green tax?

A

8% £112

55
Q

How will Hinkley Point be important to the UK?

A
  • create 25,000 jobs
  • produce 7% UK electricity
  • lower energy bill by average £77 in 2030
56
Q

How much will Hinkley point cost?

A

£18 billion

57
Q

What is the world’s biggest offshore windfarm, and how much energy does it provide?

A

London Array

  • 630MW of Power
  • 175 Turbines
58
Q

How much Shale Gas is there globally?

A

-200 trillion cubic metres.

59
Q

How long could USA’s Shale reserves last?

A

100 years (example where technology can increase energy security)

60
Q

Name 3 positive impacts of Fracking in the US

A
  • 2010, 600,000 were employed in the Fracking Industry (unemployment fallen below 3% in Pennsylvania)
  • Domestic energy prices much more affordable, reducing energy poverty.
  • emits 50% less GH gases then coal
61
Q

Name negative impacts of Fracking in the US

A
  • 20-30% chemicals used in Fracking remain underground, some being carcinogenic
  • Linked to collapse of coal industry (although Donald Trump wants to reopen them)
62
Q

Why is the Tar sands industry reliant on high oil prices?

A

Costs of extraction and production are very high (need prices at $77 per barrel to make profit)

63
Q

Benefits of Tar Sands to Canada

A
  • Canadian energy research institute (CERI) predict could contribute $4 trillion to economy over 20 years
  • 200,000 new jobs between 2015 and 2035 expected.
  • Increase energy security.
64
Q

What are some of the negative impacts of using Tar sands?

A
  • high water consumption 3:1 ratio for Barrels of water to oil produced
  • Unusual Cancer numbers
  • Require high price of Oil to be financially viable
65
Q

How many Barrels of oil are predicted to be under the ANWR?

A

-between 5-16 billion, about 18 months worth

66
Q

What existing oilfield is between the ANWR and WAR?

A

Prudhoe Bay Oilfield.

67
Q

What are the benefits of exploiting oil reserves in the ANWR?

A
  • up to 735,000 jobs created
  • Increased energy security for US
  • estimated site would be 64% smaller than Prudhoe Bay, thanks to new technology
68
Q

What are the Costs of exploiting oil reserves in the ANWR?

A
  • 40,000 cubic metres of oily waste produced
  • Only 18 months worth of supply.
  • Potential for spill (e.g Exxon Valdez 1989, 4 million barrels)
69
Q

Give an example of a recyclable energy source

A

CHP (Combined heat and Power)

70
Q

What is CHP?

A
  • captures waste heat from electricity production, making them as high as 95% efficient
  • reduce emissions by 30%
  • reduce energy bills by 20%

Geography Unit 3 (5 decks)

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