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Geography Unit 3 > Techno Fix > Flashcards

Techno Fix Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Technocentric mean?

A

The ideology of optimism that technology is the means for progress and development, allowing us to solve all of our problems

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2
Q

Name the four stages of a technology’s life cycle, as shown in the Everett Rodgers model

A
  • introduction
  • growth
  • maturity
  • decline
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3
Q

Name 3 measures that make up the digital access index (DAI)

A
  • Internet users
  • Adult literacy rates
  • number of people with landlines
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4
Q

What DAI score considers a country ‘hyper connected’

A

score 0.75+

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5
Q

What indicators may be used to measure global inequality in access to technology?

A
  • GDP per capita
  • electricity access
  • literacy rates
  • Demographic of population (old people)
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6
Q

How can development bring technological advancement?

A
  • encourages educated population (universities/research)
  • TNC invest to develop technology
  • advanced legal system, protect inventions
  • Investment in energy, transport, health and infrastructure systems to develop and run technologies.
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7
Q

Name 3 countries with high digital access scores.

A
  • South Korea
  • Sweden
  • UK
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8
Q

Name 3 countries with low digital access scores

A
  • Chad
  • Mali
  • Nepal
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9
Q

How did GDP per capita grow in South Korea between 1963 and 2013

A

Went from $100 to over $25,000

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10
Q

How has life expectancy in South Korea improved?

A

Risen from 54 to 76, leading to the population over doubling since 1950.

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11
Q

What factors have allowed South Korea to grow so successfully?

A
  • Investment from the USA, determined to establish a capitalist alternative to North Korea
  • Well educated workforce, cheap wages (1965 10x less Japanese workers)
  • Strong government interventionist policy, owning enterprises, control foreign exchange.
  • Protective tariffs protecting industries from foreign competition.
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12
Q

Name 3 big industries of South Korea

A
  • electronics
  • shipbuilding
  • steel (one of world’s largest producers)
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13
Q

Give 4 reasons for lack of access to technology in some countries.

A
  • Government restrictions (e.g North Korea)
  • Cultural rejection (Amish)
  • Patent laws (GSK)
  • International sanctions (Cuba)
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14
Q

How is access to the internet restricted in North Korea?

A
  • Only senior military and political figures have access (1000)
  • guilt by association ideology
  • use ‘cult of personality’
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15
Q

How many Amish are there and why do they reject technology?

A
  • 200,000 strong community in USA
  • believe technology damage sense of community, at heart of their faith
  • E.g telephone booths are outside, no landlines.
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16
Q

Why did Cuba have an embargo set on them and why did this limit technological access.

A
  • Response to the Cuban missile crisis
  • supplies have to come from outside the US and US-linked countries (except food and some medicine)
  • 37.5% of children under 3 have iron deficiency
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17
Q

How much do antiretroviral drugs costs to develop each, and why does this leave many with little access to them.

A
  • GSK produce drugs, costing £350 million in R+D
  • Patents put on them to protect their invention, and allow to monopolise and make profit.
  • Developing nations no healthcare provision, so people cant afford to buy
  • 95% deaths HIV in developing nations.
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18
Q

What will drug companies do when drugs such as antiretroviral become non profitable.

A

tackle diseases related to affluence (e.g lower cholesterol)

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19
Q

Give 3 pieces of evidence that Haiti has economic and social barriers to technology.

A
  • Poorest nation in the western hemisphere (80% poverty)
  • GDP per capita just $816
  • 6% HIV rates
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20
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

How the physical environment can predispose a society on particular levels of development.

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21
Q

How is Haiti environmentally determined?

A
  • Geology, made up of very steep banks, meaning mudslides are common (made worse by 99% deforestation due to dependence on charcoal)
  • Flooding, due to intense rainfall (hurricanes) e.g, 2008, 4 tropical storms.
  • Tectonic margin, meaning vulnerable to severe earthquakes (e.g 2010 230,000 died, 1.6m homeless)
  • Disease, warm climate ideal for spread. 54% access to clean water.
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22
Q

What technology is required for Haiti to reduce its environmental determinism?

A
  • Warning systems, slope stabilisation engineering.
  • vaccination programmes, sewage systems
  • improved storage and distribution systems (farming
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23
Q

Give three examples of immediate/appropriate technology and explain what they do.

A
  • Stone Contour walls: prevent flooding and loss of topsoil erosion, fixing slopes, preventing landslides and preserving soil fertility.
  • Intercropping/shelterbelts: line of trees between fields of crops, to protect them and soil from wind and sun.
  • reforestation (tackles flooding and landslides, as well as reintroducing topsoil .
24
Q

What is meant by leapfrogging in the context of technology?

A

-The notion that areas with poor levels of technological advancement can bypass traditional methods of growth and development with sustainable, often small scale technology.

25
Q

Who were the providers for leapfrogging technology in the state of Maharashtra, India, and how many people signed up?

A
  • Nokia life tools, using mobile phones

- 15,000 signed up

26
Q

What social, economic and environmental benefits have the mobile phones provided to the people of Maharashtra?

A

Social- increased access to education and healthcare, due to rise in income.
Economic- Farmers know market rates, so are in a position to bargain for a fair price. They also know how to protect their crops from the spread of disease, allowing them to increase output.
Environmental- Education of overuse of pesticides, as well as not needing to degrade environment with infrastructure.

27
Q

How have mobile phones been used as a leapfrogging technology in Afghanistan?

A
  • 72% have mobile signal, yet less than 1% have landlines, due to conflict related hazards (landmines)
  • Roshan holds 43% market share, 2m users.
28
Q

What are the benefits to the mobile phones in Afghanistan?

A 
Social:
-Allows schooling via phone networks
-Avoids needs for dangerous journeys
Economic:
-Reduces cost of trade, as goods can be ordered via mobile, potentially fuelling economic growth.
Environmental:
-avoids building of mobile networks.
29
Q

What is the main disadvantage of using mobile phones as a leapfrogging technology?

A

It cant be used by those who are illiterate, so places with low literacy rates may not benefit from them.

30
Q

Why is there a need for leapfrogging technology in India and Pakistan, and what is this technology?

A
  • South west India (Karnataka) a county where 46% of Indians are off grid and area where 18,000 lack connections
  • Micro Solar, supplied by Selco, supply 40,000 people
  • Provides power for 4 lights for 4 hours.
  • Each unit costs $400, women forming cooperatives to reduce cost
31
Q

What are the benefits of the Micro solar energy?

A 
Social:
-electricity means children can study in the evenings.
-empowers women
-Avoids health dangers of using Kerosene.
Economic
-Technician jobs rural areas
-doesn't require government spending
-allows trading at night
Environmental
-reduce dependence on fossil fuels
-no cables, reducing visual pollution
32
Q

How much C02 does the average Kerosene lamp spew out in 10 years?

A

1 tonne, with Rural African families using 60L of it per year to light their homes.

33
Q

Who are the barefoot engineers and what extent have they helped rural communities?

A
  • Since 2005, almost 140 women (grandmothers) from Africa, almost all of them illiterate, training at the barefoot college India, learning to install , fabricate and maintain solar powered household lighting systems.
  • Solar electrified 9,118 remote rural houses in 21 different countries, saving use 0f 30,000 litres of kerosene use per month.
34
Q

How is the BFE a self sustaining and can the barefoot engineers be a scale able solution across Africa?

A
  • eliminates dependence on Urban engineers
  • each household pays between $5-10 per month, roughly same as for Kerosene lamps.
  • already benefitting 200,000 in India, and is being replicated in 24 countries across Africa, Latin America and South Asia.
  • ‘paper qualified’ experts do not believe that illiterate, rural women should be dealing with sophisticated 21st century technology, meaning a change in work style and mind set is required.
35
Q

When was DDT developed and what was it used for?

A
  • developed in 1874, first used in 1939

- used as an insecticide to protect crops, as well as used to control mosquito borne diseases in WW2

36
Q

What were some of the unforeseen consequences of DDT?

A
  • Shells of bird eggs were being made very thin, linked it 90% decline in brown pelican numbers in US
  • Caused cancer (particularly breast cancer)
  • Birth defects (infant neurological disorders)
37
Q

How have the unforeseen consequences of DDT been combated?

A
  • banned in US in 1972 and UK in 1984

- increased insect resistance means it is not as affective anyway.

38
Q

When were CFCs first invented and what were they used for?

A

-created 1928

Used as: -propellants in aerosols, coolants in fridges and solants in cleaners

39
Q

What was the major unforeseen consequence of CFCs?

A
  • Depletion of the Ozone layer (by 80%)

- increased UV exposure, increasing risk of skin cancer

40
Q

How have the unforeseen consequences been dealt with?

A
  • 1987 Montreal protocol banned their use.

- by 1995, emissions completely wiped out.

41
Q

Give two other examples of unforeseen consequences of technology.

A
  • Internet: massively contributing to globalisation, but cyber crime and fraud (0ver half all fraud cases now cyber related)
  • Automation: New AI and machinery make production more efficient, but will mean loss of jobs (30% UK jobs susceptible to this)
42
Q

Name two contrasting projects for generating electricity

A
  • Three gorges Dam, China

- Micro Hydroelectric power, Nepal

43
Q

Give three features of the Three Gorges Dam

A
  • cost $22.5 billion
  • solution for clean energy (670,000 premature deaths due to air pollution.
  • Supply 1/3 of households with power.
44
Q

Give three benefits that the Three Gorges Dam will provide

A
  • air pollution reduced, as 31 million tonnes of coal saved annually.
  • can prevent a ‘once in a lifetime flood’ saving lives in places such as Dongting
  • allow 5000 tonne vessels to use Yangtze river all year around, boosting trade opportunities.
45
Q

Give three negative impacts of the Three Gorges Dam

A
  • 1.3 million people will be displaced (although relocated to arguably better facilities)
  • Loss of 100,000 hectares of Arable farmland, including the most fertile citrus groves.
  • loss of 300 endemic species of fish (e.g Yangtze River dolphin)
46
Q

Why is Micro-hydro power important for Nepal?

A
  • Only 15% of rural people on grid, with GDP per capita as low as $340
  • Existing power grid maxed out (frequent power cuts), with demand increasing 7% per year.
  • only 2% potential realised currently, with only 200,000 households supplied by micro hydro.
47
Q

Give three benefits of Micro-hydro in Nepal

A
  • allows online study for school children (electricity)
  • Each new Micro-hydro dam creates 40 new businesses
  • electricity means chilled places to store vaccines and other medical equipment
48
Q

How has use of GM crops fallen since 1999

A
  • 60% all food UK in 1999 had GM element.
  • 2006, just 2%
  • 90% UK residents against GM crops
49
Q

Arguments for GM crops

A
  • Required to meet the demand of rapidly rising population, as they can be genetically modified to increase yields.
  • build in pest resistant crops reduce need for pesticides. GMO of soybean in US led 13 million KG reduction in use in 12 years up to 2009.
  • Give food longer shelf-life, so less waste.
50
Q

Arguments against GM crops

A
  • potential for cross-pollination, could lead to herbicide resistant ‘super weeds’ harming other plants
  • Long term affects are not understood
  • Terminator technology will mean that farmers in developing countries will have to buy new seeds every year, making them dependant on biotech companies (Monsanto)
51
Q

What would a divergent world technologically mean?

A
  • Technology heavily concentrated in the developed world
  • limited access to technology in the developing world
  • business as usual
  • technological gap reflects development gap
52
Q

What would a convergent world technologically mean?

A
  • technological diffusion from developed core to developing periphery.
  • slowly close technological gap and therefore maybe development gap.
  • World bank, NGOs and TNCs could make this happen.
53
Q

What would a sustainable technological future entail?

A
  • major switch to reducing consumption through an attitudinal fix, and continued technological efficiencies
  • big investment in low carbon renewable and recyclable sources of energy
  • switch would avoid negative externalities of continued combustion of fossil fuels, as well as uncertainties about what will happen when peak production is reached and they start to run out.
54
Q

What the main reason for car ownership in India over doubling in 10 years?

A

Introduction of very cheap cars to the market e.g £1250 Tata Nano Cars

55
Q

What have been some of the externalities of increased car ownership in India?

A
  • 2002-2010, 34% increase in air pollution in Bangalore

- 600,000 premature deaths, 40,000 form car emissions alone.

Geography Unit 3 (5 decks)

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