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Edexcel Geography Unit 3 > Water Conflicts > Flashcards

Water Conflicts Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical Factors affecting California’s Water Supply.

A

Latitude, Relief Rainfall, Weather Systems, River Systems and Geology.

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2
Q

Whats is California’s average annual rainfall?

A

500mm.

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3
Q

What percentage of California’s rainfall is lost through evaporation?

A

63%.

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4
Q

The Sierra Nevada Mountains cause what effect? How does this increase/decrease water supply?

A

Relief Rainfall, warm air rises from the Pacific and being forced to rise due to Sierra Nevada Mountains, causing Relief Rainfall. The other side of the mountain experiences a Rain Shadow (Mojave Desert) where only 100mm of rainfall falls annually.

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5
Q

What type of rock is located in Central Valley? What does this mean?

A

Sedimentary rocks, therefore water can infiltrate. Central Valley Aquifer contains 2700 cubic kilometres of water.

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6
Q

How much rainfall does India receive in July? And why?

A

70cm. The monsoon season, ITCZ moves North because of the Earth’s tilt. Creating a low pressure zone in India.

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7
Q

Factors causing a mismatch between supply and demand?

A

Industrialisation, Physical Water Scarcity, Economic Water Scarcity, Shared Resources and Development.

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8
Q

How much water was used by Coca-Cola in Kerala, India?

A

510,000 litres of water everyday. This left locals with water to use in farming.

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9
Q

How much water is used in the Beijing-Tianjin Industrial area annually?

A

4.9 billion gallons.

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10
Q

How much rainfall does Jordan receive annually?

A

200mm cubed per person.

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11
Q

How many people were left without water, when the Bolivian government privatised it’s supply?

A

200,000. People couldn’t afford the high prices set by private companies.

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12
Q

What percentage of the Colorado river is owned by Mexico?

A

10%. 90% is extracted before reaching Mexico.

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13
Q

How many golf courses are located in California? How much water do they use?

A

883 golf courses, using 90 billion gallons of water per year.

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14
Q

Human factors affecting California’s Water Availability?

A

Population growth, Economic Development, Over Abstraction, Mismanagement of Supplies and Shared Resources.

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15
Q

How much did California’s population increase between 1900 and 2007?

A

2 million in 1900 to 37.7 million in 2007.

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16
Q

What is California’s spatial imbalance?

A

75% of demand is located in the South, whereas 75% of supply is located in the North.

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17
Q

What percentage of California’s water is extracted from groundwater?

A

60%.

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18
Q

How has mismanagement of California’s water supplies affected water availability?

A

Along the Sacramento River, poorly built levees have lead to saltwater incursion.

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19
Q

How many states share the Colorado River?

A

8 different states. As well as Mexico.

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20
Q

What percentage of the Colorado River is California entitled to?

A

49%.

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21
Q

How much has the Aral Sea declined in size since the 1960’s?

A

90%.

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22
Q

Why did the Aral Sea decline in size?

A

The Soviet Union diverted two tributaries (Amu Darya and Syr Darya). Using them to grow cash crops.

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23
Q

What happened to Cotton production under the Soviet Union?

A

Doubled.

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24
Q

How large was the Fishing Industry around the Aral Sea?

A

40,000. Which collapsed due to over-extraction.

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25
Q

What has happened to infant mortality rates around the Aral Sea?

A

30x higher than before.

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26
Q

What has happened to bird species around the Aral Sea?

A

50% of bird species in the area have died.

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27
Q

How many skilled workers around the Aral Sea emigrated?

A

Over 60,000.

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28
Q

Why is access to water is often controlled by wealth?

A

Governments promoting TNC’s, economic water scarcity, physical water scarcity, shared resources and unstable governments.

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29
Q

How much do water vendors make in LIC’s (located in Africa)?

A

£3.20 a day.

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30
Q

Name one river located in Indonesia, why is it contaminated?

A

The Citarum, top 10 most polluted rivers in the world. Waste from over 2000 textile factories and 9 million people.

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31
Q

How much damage has been done to water infrastructure during the civil war in the Central African Republic?

A

$3.5 million worth of damage.

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32
Q

What environmental impacts are caused by extraction, development and use of water sources?

A

Aquifer supplies being depleted, salt water incursion and extinction of species.

33
Q

What social and economic impacts are caused by extraction, development and use of water sources?

A

Short term economic gain, collapse in industries, diseases and conflicts.

34
Q

How much has the Salinity of the Aral Sea increased by?

A

From 10g/L to 45g/L.

35
Q

What rate did the Aral Sea decrease by annually?

A

80cm.

36
Q

What animal was made extinct by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam?

A

Yangtzee River Dolphin.

37
Q

What conflict rose between Israel and Syria?

A

The Six Day War in 1967.

38
Q

How much industrial waste is dumped globally, every year?

A

400 billion tonnes.

39
Q

What is the average rainfall throughout the Murray Darling Basin?

A

480mm.

40
Q

How much has the water consumption of the Murray Darling Basin rose?

A

29% between 1996 and 2002.

41
Q

What are the main uses of the Murray Darling Basin’s water?

A

Agriculture (89 million hectares of farmland), manufacturing, aquaculture etc.

42
Q

How much extra is being extracted each year from the Murray Darling Basin?

A

4%.

43
Q

Why is there a potential for conflict over water supplies?

A

Shared Resources, Development of sources, Physical Water Scarcity, Economic Water Scarcity, Stakeholders in dispute over its use, Political influence, Overarching rules (Helsinki).

44
Q

What percentage of the world’s population is located in the Middle East, compared to it’s water availability?

A

5% of the world’s population, with 1% of the world’s freshwater.

45
Q

How much rainfall does Iran receive compared to Jordan?

A

1200mm cubed person compared to 200mm cubed per person.

46
Q

What is Iraq’s population set to grow by 2050?

A

114%.

47
Q

Why is conflict between Israel and Palestine likely?

A

Israel owns 80% of the mountain aquifers between both countries. As well as a long history between both countries.

48
Q

How much did Turkey’s GAP scheme cost?

A

$32 billion.

49
Q

What is Turkey’s GAP scheme?

A

Securing water supplies. With 22 dams, 19 HEP plants. Irrigating 1.7 million hectares of land.

50
Q

What knock on effects will the GAP scheme have for other countries?

A

Rivers that feed Israel and Syria (such as the Tigris River) are being dammed. Which supplies 25% of Syria’s water.

51
Q

What impacts will the GAP scheme have to locals?

A

80,000 homes will be flooded.

52
Q

How many people live within the Nile Basin? And how many countries share the Basin?

A

300 million people. Shared by 11 different countries.

53
Q

How does the Nile’s climatic location effect water quantity?

A

Over 50% of water is lost through evaporation throughout Southern Sudan.

54
Q

How vulnerable is Egypt to water shortages?

A

Vulnerable, 95% of it’s water comes from the Nile.

55
Q

What is the predicted population increase in Egypt?

A

Expected to reach 140 million by 2050. It’s population currently stands at 85 million.

56
Q

What agreement was signed about the River Nile in 1929?

A

The Nile Water Agreement. This gave Egypt 48 billion cubic metres of water, 4 billion to Sudan and all other nations got a 14% share.

57
Q

How much did the Three Gorges Dam cost?

A

$22.5 billion.

58
Q

How large was the reservoir created by the TGD?

A

650km.

59
Q

How many places were flooded by the construction of the TGD? And how many died as a result of flooding?

A

13 major cities, 140 villages, 8000 historical sights. 300,000 died from flooding.

60
Q

How much waste is dumped annually into the TGD reservoir?

A

1 billion tonnes of waste annually.

61
Q

Name 2 key facts about China’s South to North Water Transfer scheme.

A

It cost $48 billion.

Doubles the Dankinkov Reservoir capacity to 29 billion cubic metres.

62
Q

Negative impacts of the South to North Water Transfer scheme?

A

Displaced 380,000 people. 5 months of drought followed in South China, leaving 315,000 without water.

63
Q

What percentage of water does Agriculture use globally?

A

70%.

64
Q

How many in countries in Africa will experience water scarcity in Africa by 2025?

A

25 countries.

65
Q

What players will determine future water security?

A

Governments, Over-arching global laws setup by IGO’s, TNC’s, current consumers and NGO’s (Water Aid).

66
Q

How many pumps have Water Aid placed globally?

A

15,000.

67
Q

Name 7 different responses to increase water supply/security.

A

Dams, Transfers, Desalination, Intermediate Technology, Restoration of supplies, Conservation and Virtual Water Trading.

68
Q

Name the impacts of Desalination?

A

Short term technological fix. However, environmental toll, increases CO2 emissions and saltwater incursion.

69
Q

How much did the Carlsbad desalination plant cost?

A

$1 billion.

70
Q

How much water does the Carlsbad desalination plant provide?

A

7%.

71
Q

Name two intermediate technologies which relieve water stress.

A

Pumpkin Tanks and Tube Wells.

72
Q

How much do pumpkin tanks cost?

A

£77.

73
Q

Which NGO helps afford Pumpkin Tanks?

A

Practical Action.

74
Q

How many people now have access to clean water thanks to Tube Wells?

A

64,000.

75
Q

How much was Kazakhstan loaned to restore the Aral Sea?

A

$66 million from the World Bank.

76
Q

Name the largest Desalination plant in the world? Where is it located

A

Ras Al Khair. Located in Saudi Arabia.

77
Q

How many people does Ras Al Khair serve?

A

3.5 million residents in the city of Riyadh.

78
Q

How much did Ras Al Khair cost?

A

$7.2 billion.

Edexcel Geography Unit 3 (4 decks)

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