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Edexcel Geography Unit 3 > The Technological Fix > Flashcards

The Technological Fix Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Nepal’s GDP per capita?

A

$700.

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2
Q

How many energy reserves does Nepal have?

A

0.

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3
Q

How large is Nepal’s rural population?

A

81%.

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4
Q

What has Practical Action done to help rural villages in Nepal?

A

Placed Micro-Hydro power plants along small rivers, this stops deforestation and gives power to the locals. Increasing GDP per capita by 11% in these areas.

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5
Q

How much firewood on average does a family in Nepal use weekly?

A

30kg.

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6
Q

What percentage of Haiti’s forest cover remains?

A

2%.

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7
Q

What is Environmental Determinism?

A

Where the environment controls the lives of the people, due to the lack of technology.

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8
Q

What is the Haiti’s HDI?

A

0.46.

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9
Q

How many live below $2 a day? And the unemployment rate of Haiti?

A

80% of the nation. 60% unemployed.

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10
Q

Name one earthquake that affected Haiti? How many people died?

A

The Haitian Earthquake 2010, over 200,000 died.

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11
Q

Name one storm that affected Haiti in recent years. How many died?

A

Storm Jeanne 2004, over 600 died.

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12
Q

How is environmental determinism stopping Haiti from gaining technology?

A

Haiti’s lack of wealth is stopping any development, as soon as they begin to develop they are knocked back instantly by a hazard.

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13
Q

Politically what has made Haiti such a poor nation?

A

IMF trade rules, economic reconstruction, trade liberalisation, leading to cheap rice flooding the market and farming industries being cut. Large rural-urban migration, leading to 80% of population being located in Port Au Prince.

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14
Q

Name one example of where London has used a technological fix? How much did it cost?

A

The Thames Barrier 1982, stops flooding of the low-lying coast. £535 million.

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15
Q

What is London’s GDP per Capita?

A

$73,000.

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16
Q

What percentage of Americans use the internet? What is the explanation for this figure?

A

74.5%. Ageing population, rural communities and religious beliefs.

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17
Q

Name 4 ways access to technology has been stopped?

A

Patents, Cost, Religion and Politics.

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18
Q

What has stopped North Korea’s access to technology?

A

Cost and Politics, the North Korean government have stopped access to technology.

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19
Q

How many North Koreans have access to phones and internet?

A

Estimated at about 1 million people. Controlled access, sites are based upon propaganda.

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20
Q

How poor is North Korea?

A

Among the top 10 poorest nations.

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21
Q

How have patents created a barrier for technology?

A

Poorer nations are unable to afford HIV antiretrovirals. There are over 3 million deaths annually from HIV, 95% of which are in LIC’s.

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22
Q

What percentage of Sub Saharan Africa have HIV?

A

40%.

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23
Q

Why are HIV rates in SSA so high?

A

Lack of education, women empowerment, contraception and jobs.

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24
Q

Name one HIV antiretroviral and who it is available to?

A

Raltegravir. Available to HIC’s, over 73,000 UK patients.

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25
Q

How has religion stopped access to technology?

A

Attitudinal beliefs have stopped access to certain technologies.

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26
Q

What group has limited technological access?

A

The Amish Community (a protestant group) with over 200,000 members.

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27
Q

What technology has recently been adopted by a few Amish members?

A

The telephone, a divide has occurred between New Order members (who use the phone) and Old Order members (who don’t).

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28
Q

What has happened in Eritrea that has created a barrier to technology?

A

Political instability, government.

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29
Q

What have the government done in Eritrea to stop access to mobile phones and the internet?

A

High costs to afford a phone, $13 to apply for a phone, $33 to get up and running, then $3 to talk every time. Government owned service (EriTel).

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30
Q

What is Eritrea’s GDP per capita?

A

$500.

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31
Q

The Technological Divide is increasing because of…

A

Wealth, politics and religion.

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32
Q

Why is wealth increasing the development gap?

A

Weaker economies are unable to invest in research and development.

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33
Q

What occurred in South Korea?

A

Has become the world’s 11th largest economy.

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34
Q

What is South Korea’s annual growth rate in the last 30 years?

A

8%.

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35
Q

How large is South Korea’s tertiary industry?

A

69%.

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36
Q

What law boosted South Korea’s economy?

A

The Electronic Industry Production Law in 1969. Making technology a priority.

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37
Q

Where does South Korea rank in exporting electronics?

A

2nd in the world.

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38
Q

Name two big corporations located in South Korea?

A

Hyundai and Samsung.

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39
Q

What is South Korea’s investment into Research and Development?

A

2.85% of GDP.

40
Q

Why is technological leapfrogging important within the developing world?

A

Can increase wealth in an area and combats the technological divide.

41
Q

How have mobile phones helped decrease poverty within India, Maharashtra?

A

Empowers farmers with up to date prices on crops. Diseases and weather forecasts can also be checked. This also can lead to a positive multiplier effect.

42
Q

Name one service providing mobile phones for farmers in Maharashtra.

A

Reuters Market Light.

43
Q

How many farmers have signed up to Reuters Market Light?

A

15,000.

44
Q

Name one service that provides solar energy in Karnataka, India?

A

SELCO solar.

45
Q

Why is the energy important in Karnataka?

A

Over 18,000 are off the grid. An uneven spread of energy.

46
Q

Why is Solar a good leapfrogging choice?

A

Means they don’t have to connect to the grid.

47
Q

Benefits of SELCO solar?

A

40,000 have benefitted, especially local electricians. Gives light for education, 4 hours with 4 lights worth of lighting.

48
Q

How much does 1 unit from SELCO solar cost?

A

$400.

49
Q

Has SELCO solar improved businesses?

A

Yes, it has created a night-time work environment, in over 13 towns.

50
Q

What is DDT?

A

A very popular synthetic pesticide, first synthesised in 1874. Between 1950 and 1980 over 1.8 million tonnes were produced.

51
Q

What unforeseen consequences does DDT have?

A

Lead to the reduction of bird species within rural UK, bio-accumulation. Osprey and Bald Falcon numbers fell due to thinning of their eggs.

52
Q

How did DDT gain enough public support to become banned?

A

Rachel Carson’s book ‘Silent Springs’ in 1962 showed the consequences of DDT.

53
Q

When was DDT banned? And what effect did this have.

A

Banned globally in 2004. However, this ban meant nations battling Malaria couldn’t use it, to control Malaria, which over 400 million contract annually.

54
Q

Name one other substance that has had large unforeseen consequences. What is it?

A

CFCs. Developed in the 1920s, used widely within fridges, aerosols and air conditioning.

55
Q

What unforeseen consequences have been linked with CFCs?

A

The depletion of the Ozone Layer, blamed for 80% of Ozone depletion. Increasing skin cancer in these areas.

56
Q

When were CFCs banned?

A

They began to be phased out in the Montreal Protocol 1987. And were banned globally in 2010.

57
Q

Have there been any examples with good unforeseen consequences?

A

Mobile Phones, becoming easily accessible within poorer nations.

58
Q

What are the negative unforeseen consequences with Mobile phones?

A

Links to radiation and cancer.

59
Q

How many people own a mobile phone, how much has this increased?

A

From 12 million in 1990 to 4.6 billion in 2009.

60
Q

Name one top-down approach to technological advancement.

A

HEP in China, Three Gorges Dam, costing $22.5 billion.

61
Q

Benefits to the TGD?

A

Provides 10% of China’s energy, green energy. And creating 60,000 jobs.

62
Q

Costs to the TGD?

A

Extinction of the Yangtzee River Dolphin, 1.3 million displaced, over 140 towns, 13 cities and 8000 historical sites flooded.

63
Q

Name one bottom-up approach to technological advancement.

A

Micro-Hydro in Nepal.

64
Q

Benefits of Micro-Hydro in Nepal?

A

Incomes in communities have risen by 11%. Less time spent gathering firewood (76% depend on firewood). Displacing over 10 million kilograms of CO2 annually.

65
Q

What are Space Mirrors?

A

Large lightweight mirrors, launched into orbit, reflecting the suns rays and making the Earth cooler.

66
Q

Who funded space mirrors?

A

NASA in 2006.

67
Q

How much do space mirrors cost?

A

More than $1 billion.

68
Q

What are Sulphur Aerosols?

A

Mimicking volcano activity, spreading SO2 into the atmosphere, cooling the Earth.

69
Q

Name one volcano example where the Earth has been cooled?

A

The Mt Pinatubo Eruption 1991, the Earth was cooled by 0.5 degrees.

70
Q

How much could Sulphur Aerosols cost?

A

$50 billion every two years.

71
Q

What unwanted effects may come from Sulphur Aerosols?

A

Acid Rain and damage to the Ozone layer.

72
Q

What is Ocean Fertilisation?

A

Adding Iron particles to the ocean, causing phytoplankton to grow which absorb CO2.

73
Q

What fears stopped the research of Ocean Fertilisation in 1998?

A

Biodiversity may have been affected, oceans may have been acidified.

74
Q

How much does Ocean Fertilisation cost?

A

$100 million per year.

75
Q

What are Synthetic Trees?

A

Trees which capture CO2 and allow for it to be buried away.

76
Q

How many tonnes of CO2 are removed from the atmosphere per synthetic tree?

A

90,000 tonnes per year.

77
Q

Who designed the Synthetic tree?

A

Klaus Lackner, director of the Lenfest Centre for Sustainable Energy.

78
Q

How much do synthetic trees cost?

A

$30 per tonne of CO2 removed.

79
Q

Name 2 different types of Micro-generation of Domestic Energy.

A

Solar Collector Panels and Ground Source Heat Pumps.

80
Q

What are Solar Collector Panels?

A

Solar powered panels, which can generate 100% of energy within the summer.

81
Q

How much do Solar Collector Panels cost? And how man emissions do they save?

A

Costing $3,800 saving 400kg in emissions.

82
Q

What are Ground Source Heat Pumps?

A

Mechanical device which pumps energy from areas of lower to higher temperature.

83
Q

What is the ground temperate at 1 metre deep?

A

12 degrees celsius.

84
Q

How much do Ground Source Heat Pumps cost? And what do they save?

A

They cost £9,000 and save £750 a year as well as 5,500kg of CO2 per year.

85
Q

What is the population expected to rise to by 2050?

A

9.1 billion.

86
Q

What does Boserup predict will happen when we hit a natural check?

A

Human Innovation will save us.

87
Q

What are GMOs?

A

Genetically Modified Organisms. Fast growing, high yield plants.

88
Q

How many hectares of GMOs have been planted within the US?

A

Over 140 million hectares (2008).

89
Q

When did the Green Revolution occur? And where?

A

In India between 1960 and 1970.

90
Q

How much did food production in India increase in this time?

A

From 12 million tonnes of wheat, to 20 million tonnes of wheat.

91
Q

What costs may come with GMO’s?

A

Possible environmental cost with pesticides, big business destroying small farmers, no one really knows the costs.

92
Q

How much do we need to increase food production by?

A

Double production within 35 years.

93
Q

Name on GMO company. What does this company claim?

A

Monsanto, GMOs made by them, uses 30% less water. And salmon grows 30x faster.

94
Q

Name one strain of GMO and its benefits to locals.

A

In Rural Africa, vitamin deficiency is high. So ‘Golden Rice’ strain was boosted with vitamin A. Stopping a common blindness problem in these areas. Estimated to have helped over 250,000 people.

95
Q

How much does broadband coverage cost in Eritrea?

A

$200 per month.

96
Q

What percentage of the population have access to mobile phones in Eritrea?

A

5.6%.

Edexcel Geography Unit 3 (4 decks)

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