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Edexcel Geography Unit 3 > The Technological Fix > Flashcards

The Technological Fix Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nepal’s GDP per capita?

A

$700.

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2
Q

How many energy reserves does Nepal have?

A

0.

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3
Q

How large is Nepal’s rural population?

A

81%.

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4
Q

What has Practical Action done to help rural villages in Nepal?

A

Placed Micro-Hydro power plants along small rivers, this stops deforestation and gives power to the locals. Increasing GDP per capita by 11% in these areas.

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5
Q

How much firewood on average does a family in Nepal use weekly?

A

30kg.

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6
Q

What percentage of Haiti’s forest cover remains?

A

2%.

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7
Q

What is Environmental Determinism?

A

Where the environment controls the lives of the people, due to the lack of technology.

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8
Q

What is the Haiti’s HDI?

A

0.46.

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9
Q

How many live below $2 a day? And the unemployment rate of Haiti?

A

80% of the nation. 60% unemployed.

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10
Q

Name one earthquake that affected Haiti? How many people died?

A

The Haitian Earthquake 2010, over 200,000 died.

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11
Q

Name one storm that affected Haiti in recent years. How many died?

A

Storm Jeanne 2004, over 600 died.

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12
Q

How is environmental determinism stopping Haiti from gaining technology?

A

Haiti’s lack of wealth is stopping any development, as soon as they begin to develop they are knocked back instantly by a hazard.

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13
Q

Politically what has made Haiti such a poor nation?

A

IMF trade rules, economic reconstruction, trade liberalisation, leading to cheap rice flooding the market and farming industries being cut. Large rural-urban migration, leading to 80% of population being located in Port Au Prince.

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14
Q

Name one example of where London has used a technological fix? How much did it cost?

A

The Thames Barrier 1982, stops flooding of the low-lying coast. £535 million.

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15
Q

What is London’s GDP per Capita?

A

$73,000.

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16
Q

What percentage of Americans use the internet? What is the explanation for this figure?

A

74.5%. Ageing population, rural communities and religious beliefs.

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17
Q

Name 4 ways access to technology has been stopped?

A

Patents, Cost, Religion and Politics.

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18
Q

What has stopped North Korea’s access to technology?

A

Cost and Politics, the North Korean government have stopped access to technology.

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19
Q

How many North Koreans have access to phones and internet?

A

Estimated at about 1 million people. Controlled access, sites are based upon propaganda.

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20
Q

How poor is North Korea?

A

Among the top 10 poorest nations.

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21
Q

How have patents created a barrier for technology?

A

Poorer nations are unable to afford HIV antiretrovirals. There are over 3 million deaths annually from HIV, 95% of which are in LIC’s.

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22
Q

What percentage of Sub Saharan Africa have HIV?

A

40%.

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23
Q

Why are HIV rates in SSA so high?

A

Lack of education, women empowerment, contraception and jobs.

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24
Q

Name one HIV antiretroviral and who it is available to?

A

Raltegravir. Available to HIC’s, over 73,000 UK patients.

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25
How has religion stopped access to technology?
Attitudinal beliefs have stopped access to certain technologies.
26
What group has limited technological access?
The Amish Community (a protestant group) with over 200,000 members.
27
What technology has recently been adopted by a few Amish members?
The telephone, a divide has occurred between New Order members (who use the phone) and Old Order members (who don't).
28
What has happened in Eritrea that has created a barrier to technology?
Political instability, government.
29
What have the government done in Eritrea to stop access to mobile phones and the internet?
High costs to afford a phone, $13 to apply for a phone, $33 to get up and running, then $3 to talk every time. Government owned service (EriTel).
30
What is Eritrea's GDP per capita?
$500.
31
The Technological Divide is increasing because of...
Wealth, politics and religion.
32
Why is wealth increasing the development gap?
Weaker economies are unable to invest in research and development.
33
What occurred in South Korea?
Has become the world's 11th largest economy.
34
What is South Korea's annual growth rate in the last 30 years?
8%.
35
How large is South Korea's tertiary industry?
69%.
36
What law boosted South Korea's economy?
The Electronic Industry Production Law in 1969. Making technology a priority.
37
Where does South Korea rank in exporting electronics?
2nd in the world.
38
Name two big corporations located in South Korea?
Hyundai and Samsung.
39
What is South Korea's investment into Research and Development?
2.85% of GDP.
40
Why is technological leapfrogging important within the developing world?
Can increase wealth in an area and combats the technological divide.
41
How have mobile phones helped decrease poverty within India, Maharashtra?
Empowers farmers with up to date prices on crops. Diseases and weather forecasts can also be checked. This also can lead to a positive multiplier effect.
42
Name one service providing mobile phones for farmers in Maharashtra.
Reuters Market Light.
43
How many farmers have signed up to Reuters Market Light?
15,000.
44
Name one service that provides solar energy in Karnataka, India?
SELCO solar.
45
Why is the energy important in Karnataka?
Over 18,000 are off the grid. An uneven spread of energy.
46
Why is Solar a good leapfrogging choice?
Means they don't have to connect to the grid.
47
Benefits of SELCO solar?
40,000 have benefitted, especially local electricians. Gives light for education, 4 hours with 4 lights worth of lighting.
48
How much does 1 unit from SELCO solar cost?
$400.
49
Has SELCO solar improved businesses?
Yes, it has created a night-time work environment, in over 13 towns.
50
What is DDT?
A very popular synthetic pesticide, first synthesised in 1874. Between 1950 and 1980 over 1.8 million tonnes were produced.
51
What unforeseen consequences does DDT have?
Lead to the reduction of bird species within rural UK, bio-accumulation. Osprey and Bald Falcon numbers fell due to thinning of their eggs.
52
How did DDT gain enough public support to become banned?
Rachel Carson's book 'Silent Springs' in 1962 showed the consequences of DDT.
53
When was DDT banned? And what effect did this have.
Banned globally in 2004. However, this ban meant nations battling Malaria couldn't use it, to control Malaria, which over 400 million contract annually.
54
Name one other substance that has had large unforeseen consequences. What is it?
CFCs. Developed in the 1920s, used widely within fridges, aerosols and air conditioning.
55
What unforeseen consequences have been linked with CFCs?
The depletion of the Ozone Layer, blamed for 80% of Ozone depletion. Increasing skin cancer in these areas.
56
When were CFCs banned?
They began to be phased out in the Montreal Protocol 1987. And were banned globally in 2010.
57
Have there been any examples with good unforeseen consequences?
Mobile Phones, becoming easily accessible within poorer nations.
58
What are the negative unforeseen consequences with Mobile phones?
Links to radiation and cancer.
59
How many people own a mobile phone, how much has this increased?
From 12 million in 1990 to 4.6 billion in 2009.
60
Name one top-down approach to technological advancement.
HEP in China, Three Gorges Dam, costing $22.5 billion.
61
Benefits to the TGD?
Provides 10% of China's energy, green energy. And creating 60,000 jobs.
62
Costs to the TGD?
Extinction of the Yangtzee River Dolphin, 1.3 million displaced, over 140 towns, 13 cities and 8000 historical sites flooded.
63
Name one bottom-up approach to technological advancement.
Micro-Hydro in Nepal.
64
Benefits of Micro-Hydro in Nepal?
Incomes in communities have risen by 11%. Less time spent gathering firewood (76% depend on firewood). Displacing over 10 million kilograms of CO2 annually.
65
What are Space Mirrors?
Large lightweight mirrors, launched into orbit, reflecting the suns rays and making the Earth cooler.
66
Who funded space mirrors?
NASA in 2006.
67
How much do space mirrors cost?
More than $1 billion.
68
What are Sulphur Aerosols?
Mimicking volcano activity, spreading SO2 into the atmosphere, cooling the Earth.
69
Name one volcano example where the Earth has been cooled?
The Mt Pinatubo Eruption 1991, the Earth was cooled by 0.5 degrees.
70
How much could Sulphur Aerosols cost?
$50 billion every two years.
71
What unwanted effects may come from Sulphur Aerosols?
Acid Rain and damage to the Ozone layer.
72
What is Ocean Fertilisation?
Adding Iron particles to the ocean, causing phytoplankton to grow which absorb CO2.
73
What fears stopped the research of Ocean Fertilisation in 1998?
Biodiversity may have been affected, oceans may have been acidified.
74
How much does Ocean Fertilisation cost?
$100 million per year.
75
What are Synthetic Trees?
Trees which capture CO2 and allow for it to be buried away.
76
How many tonnes of CO2 are removed from the atmosphere per synthetic tree?
90,000 tonnes per year.
77
Who designed the Synthetic tree?
Klaus Lackner, director of the Lenfest Centre for Sustainable Energy.
78
How much do synthetic trees cost?
$30 per tonne of CO2 removed.
79
Name 2 different types of Micro-generation of Domestic Energy.
Solar Collector Panels and Ground Source Heat Pumps.
80
What are Solar Collector Panels?
Solar powered panels, which can generate 100% of energy within the summer.
81
How much do Solar Collector Panels cost? And how man emissions do they save?
Costing $3,800 saving 400kg in emissions.
82
What are Ground Source Heat Pumps?
Mechanical device which pumps energy from areas of lower to higher temperature.
83
What is the ground temperate at 1 metre deep?
12 degrees celsius.
84
How much do Ground Source Heat Pumps cost? And what do they save?
They cost £9,000 and save £750 a year as well as 5,500kg of CO2 per year.
85
What is the population expected to rise to by 2050?
9.1 billion.
86
What does Boserup predict will happen when we hit a natural check?
Human Innovation will save us.
87
What are GMOs?
Genetically Modified Organisms. Fast growing, high yield plants.
88
How many hectares of GMOs have been planted within the US?
Over 140 million hectares (2008).
89
When did the Green Revolution occur? And where?
In India between 1960 and 1970.
90
How much did food production in India increase in this time?
From 12 million tonnes of wheat, to 20 million tonnes of wheat.
91
What costs may come with GMO's?
Possible environmental cost with pesticides, big business destroying small farmers, no one really knows the costs.
92
How much do we need to increase food production by?
Double production within 35 years.
93
Name on GMO company. What does this company claim?
Monsanto, GMOs made by them, uses 30% less water. And salmon grows 30x faster.
94
Name one strain of GMO and its benefits to locals.
In Rural Africa, vitamin deficiency is high. So 'Golden Rice' strain was boosted with vitamin A. Stopping a common blindness problem in these areas. Estimated to have helped over 250,000 people.
95
How much does broadband coverage cost in Eritrea?
$200 per month.
96
What percentage of the population have access to mobile phones in Eritrea?
5.6%.

Edexcel Geography Unit 3 (4 decks)

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