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Edexcel Geography Unit 3 > Energy Security > Flashcards

Energy Security Flashcards

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1
Q

How many barrels of oil could Alberta tar sands make a day, in 2050?

A

11 million barrels a day. Supplying the USA’s energy needs.

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2
Q

How many jobs could Tar Sands produce in Alberta, Canada?

A

100,000.

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3
Q

What percentage of the Canadian economy was made up by Tar Sands in 2012?

A

5%.

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4
Q

What is the energy input/output of Tar Sands compared to conventional Oil?

A

1 in 5, compared to 1 in 100.

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5
Q

Name one disaster linked with the production of Tar Sands.

A

The 2010 Bitumen Spill, in close proximity to the Athabasca River. Leading to contamination.

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6
Q

How many years does radioactive decay from Nuclear plants last? How much does it cost to store safely?

A

Lasts millions of years. About £85 billion.

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7
Q

How much damage did the Chernobyl disaster do?

A

Killed 31 people. Cost about $120 billion.

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8
Q

How much land was contaminated during the Chernobyl disaster?

A

100,000 squared kilometres.

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9
Q

Why is energy not evenly distributed?

A

Wealth/Economic Development, rural populations, local energy reserves, stable neighbours and NGO work in poor nations.

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10
Q

What percentage of Nepal’s population live in rural locations?

A

81.6%.

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11
Q

How many people in Nepal don’t have access to electricity?

A

12.5 million.

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12
Q

What is Nepal’s GDP per Capita?

A

$700.

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13
Q

How many energy reserves do Nepal have?

A

None. This means they rely on firewood, 77% of energy is produced this way.

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14
Q

What NGO makes Micro-Hydro dams in Nepal? And how many have been setup since 1996?

A

Practical Action. 400.

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15
Q

What is the USA’s GDP?

A

$16.7 trillion.

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16
Q

How much oil does the US import annually?

A

4.7 billion barrels (2016).

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17
Q

What percentage of China’s energy does the Three Gorge’s Dam produce?

A

10%.

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18
Q

How diverse are the UK’s gas imports?

A

Domestic - 10%.
Norway - 20%.
Europe - 35%.
Other countries - 35%.

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19
Q

What is causing the increase in demand for energy?

A

Economic Growth, growing populations, Urbanisation and a growing affluence.

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20
Q

How much did China’s economy grow by in 2007?

A

12%.

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21
Q

What is China’s annual rural-urban migration rates?

A

8.5 million people.

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22
Q

How much is car ownership expected to increase by in China?

A

From 16 cars per 1000 in 2002 to 267 per 1000 by 2030.

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23
Q

How large are India and China’s populations?

A

India 1.1 billion, China 1.3 billion (40% of the world).

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24
Q

What are India and China’s populations expected to be by 2030?

A

India and China’s populations are both expected to be around 1.45 billion.

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25
Q

How has geopolitics affected the supply of the EU?

A

29% of the EU’s gas comes from Gazprom (a state owned TNC in Russia), due to political issues between Ukraine and Russia, supplies are being cut.

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26
Q

In relation to EU gas, what kind of country is Ukraine?

A

A transit country, meaning Russian gas travels through it to supply EU gas.

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27
Q

What happened in Ukraine in 2004, and what effect did this have?

A

Pro West movement, to join the EU, causing Russia to stop giving Ukraine ‘mates rates’. Prices rose from $50-$230 per 000m^3. Ukraine then refused this, and gas supplies were cut, also leaving the EU without gas.

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28
Q

What percentage of China’s energy comes from domestic coal reserves?

A

70%.

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29
Q

Name 4 ways energy pathways have been disrupted?

A

Geopolitical issues, Environmental Issues, Piracy and Terrorism.

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30
Q

What is the ESPO?

A

East Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil Pipeline.

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31
Q

Why was the ESPO re-routed?

A

The Baikal Lake (a UNESCO heritage site), and an area of endangered Amur Leopards.

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32
Q

How much did the ESPO cost? How much did it originally cost?

A

$12 billion. Originally costing $8 billion.

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33
Q

How has Piracy disrupted energy pathways?

A

Stealing of precious cargo, and supplies of oil/gas/coal. This has lead to an increase in defending ships with larger military presence.

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34
Q

How much does the Gulf of Aden cost to defend every year?

A

$6.9 billion.

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35
Q

How many pirate attacks were there in the Gulf of Aden in 2011?

A

151, an increase from 2010.

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36
Q

Why has Piracy become an issue around the Gulf of Aden?

A

Retaliation from dumping and Over-fishing in Somalian waters. Many see as justice.

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37
Q

How has Terrorism disrupted energy pathways?

A

Terrorist groups directly attacking gas and oil pipelines. Stopping energy getting to the West.

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38
Q

Where is the Baiji pipeline located and what is happening with the pipeline?

A

It is located between Turkey and North Syria, currently being attacked once a week, reducing it’s flow to 1/10 of it’s capacity.

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39
Q

What happened to the Abqaiq oil-processing plant in 2006?

A

The plant was attacked by two vehicles with explosives. Luckily, guards were able to defend the plant and no damage was done.

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40
Q

How much oil does the Abqaiq plant produce?

A

6.8 million barrels a day, 75% of Saudi Arabia’s oil.

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41
Q

What economic and political issues may arise if energy supplies are disrupted?

A

Blackouts within nations, war/conflict, increase in prices. However, new exploration can lead to an economic gain.

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42
Q

What percentage of Bosnia’s gas comes from Gazprom? What has happened when gas has been cut?

A

100%. Many areas have experienced total black out, until new supplies have been found.

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43
Q

What happened to oil prices in 2008?

A

They peaked at $143 per barrel, due to the start of the war in Iraq.

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44
Q

Name 1 war that was heavily linked to oil?

A

Iraq War 2003, fuelled by energy crisis in the western world. Saddam Hussein put the USA’s energy security under threat.

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45
Q

Why are technically difficult/environmentally sensitive areas being explored?

A

Energy insecurity, rising prices of oil, economic gain and the size of the reserves.

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46
Q

What is the ANWR? How big is it?

A

The most biologically diverse Arctic area in the world. 19 million acres.

47
Q

How many species of wildlife are located in the ANWR?

A

Over 200.

48
Q

How many species of bird migrate to the coast in summer?

A

135 species.

49
Q

What has been the peak of production in the ANWR currently?

A

Over 2 million barrels per day, however, this exploration has only been in Prudhoe Bay.

50
Q

What is the economic gain of exploration in the ANWR?

A

Between 250,000 and 750,000 jobs created, estimated to be 16 billion barrels of oil meaning the USA doesn’t need to use Middle East oil for 30 years.

51
Q

What negative effects may come from the exploration of the ANWR?

A

Oil spills may destroy fish stocks (Eg: Exxon Valdez oil spill 1989). As it is a coastal region, will disrupt animal patterns.

52
Q

Are the any environmental benefits to the ANWR exploration?

A

At Prudhoe Bay Caribou herds have increased in size from 30,000 - 32,000.

53
Q

What disaster occurred on the 20th April 2010?

A

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (BP).

54
Q

Why did the DWH oil spill occur?

A

A sudden burst of methane caused the Blow-Out Preventer to fail, then the pipe collapsed, and fire exploded onto the rig.

55
Q

How many died in the DWH oil spill?

A

11 people.

56
Q

How much oil leaked into the surrounding sea during the DWH oil spill? What impact did this have?

A

4.9 billion barrels. Cost $6.1 billion, fishing industry shut down 86,000km around the spill, BP lost half its share value. 4,600 dead animals collected washed up on the beach by August 2010.

57
Q

How long was the oil leaking for?

A

87 days at a rate of 53,000 barrels per day.

58
Q

How much Shale Gas do the US have?

A

Over 100 years worth.

59
Q

What is the potential gain from Shale Gas for Alaska?

A

$44 billion.

60
Q

Shale gas benefits?

A

Cleaner, jobs, stops dependency on the Middle East.

61
Q

Shale gas costs?

A

Carcinogenic chemicals used, linked to collapse of coal industry, climate change, high cost extraction rates.

62
Q

How much cleaner is Shale gas than coal?

A

50% cleaner.

63
Q

How many jobs have been created by Shale gas extraction?

A

600,000 in 2010.

64
Q

How much more expensive is Shale gas extraction in China compared to the US?

A

15% higher.

65
Q

What does OPEC stand for?

A

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

66
Q

Name 4 key players involved with the supply of energy.

A

Governments, Privately Owned TNC’s, State Owned TNC’s and Cartels.

67
Q

What pipeline have the EU recently invested in? How much did it cost?

A

The Nabucco Pipeline, from Asia to Europe, costing £12 billion.

68
Q

What will the Nabucco Pipeline achieve?

A

Diversification of EU energy supplies, stop dependence on Gazprom.

69
Q

Name 4 privately owned TNC’s that supply oil.

A

Texacco, Shell, Exxon-Mobil and BP.

70
Q

How many countries does BP operate in?

A

Over 80 countries.

71
Q

How many barrels of oil does BP produce per day? And how many service stations does BP own worldwide?

A

3.8 million barrels. 22,400 stations.

72
Q

How much does BP invest into renewables each year?

A

$1 billion.

73
Q

How many members form OPEC? How much oil do OPEC own?

A

12 members holding 79% of the world’s oil reserves.

74
Q

What are OPEC’s aims?

A

To stabilise prices of oil, protect members interest and ensure an efficient flow of oil.

75
Q

Criticisms of OPEC?

A

Holding back supply to rise the price and used oil embargo’s as a political weapon (1973 oil crisis).

76
Q

What happened in the 1973 oil crisis?

A

US support of the Israeli’s during the Yom Kippur War, lead to a price increase in oil from $3 - $12 per barrel. Leading to 20% of the US’s gasoline stations having no fuel.

77
Q

Why is there uncertainty over future energy supplies?

A

Uncertainty of ‘Peak Oil’, geopolitics, fluctuations in prices, investment into green energy.

78
Q

What happened to oil prices in 2015? And why?

A

Oil prices halved, due to Saudi Arabia producing 3 million extra barrels a day.

79
Q

What recent ‘green project’ has been given the go-ahead in the UK? How much did it cost?

A

Hinkely Point C, costing £16 billion.

80
Q

When will Hinkley Point C be fully operational?

A

2023.

81
Q

What percentage of UK energy will it supply?

A

7%.

82
Q

How much will Hinkley Point C reduce the energy bill in 2030?

A

£77.

83
Q

What will a ‘business as usual’ energy model lead to?

A

Continued use of oil, dependence on OPEC, global warming (and many social, economic and environmental issues linked with GW).

84
Q

What is energy generation expected to increase by from 2005 to 2030?

A

2x.

85
Q

How many barrels of oil are expected to be consumed a day by 2030?

A

113 million.

86
Q

How much will climate change cost the world?

A

About 20% of the world’s GDP.

87
Q

What will be the cost of extreme weather events due to climate change?

A

$150 billion.

88
Q

What will a 2 degrees change do to economic output?

A

Will decrease economic output by 3%.

89
Q

Why might energy insecurity lead towards conflict?

A

Geopolitical tensions, public opposition, areas of large reserves and small military presence being overrun and rising costs.

90
Q

Why has Fracking in the UK been a failure?

A

It’s large environmental costs, only 19% of people within the UK are in support of fracking. Leading to protests and marches.

91
Q

What happened in Sussex 2013?

A

Protests began due to government support over fracking in the area.

92
Q

How many activists were there in the Sussex Fracking protests? How many were arrested?

A

Over 1000. And 45 were arrested.

93
Q

How much did this protest cost police?

A

Over £750,000.

94
Q

How dependent is the US on Middle Eastern/OPEC oil?

A

65% of it’s oil comes from these nations.

95
Q

How much military does the US have in the Middle East?

A

Over 26,000 troops.

96
Q

How much oil is predicted to be located within the Arctic?

A

25% of the world’s unexplored oil.

97
Q

How many countries have rights to the Arctic Sea? And what does this mean for oil?

A

8 countries. Lots of tension between who gets what?

98
Q

What nation is claiming the largest chunk of land within the arctic?

A

Russia, who is claiming the Lomonosov Ridge (1240 miles long, 100 miles wide), based on rock samples.

99
Q

What radical new approaches may be taken to meet future energy needs and reduce green house gas emissions?

A

Hydro Electric Power, Green Taxes, Nuclear Power, Energy Conservation, Biofuels and Policies.

100
Q

Name one bottom-up radical approach.

A

Micro-Hydro Power in Nepal, placed by Practical Action. Over 2,200 created.

101
Q

How is Micro-Hydro Power in Nepal benefitting locals as well as the environment?

A

Incomes in communities have risen by 11%. Less time spent gathering firewood (76% depend on firewood). Displacing over 10 million kilograms of CO2 annually.

102
Q

Name one top-down radical approach.

A

HEP in China, Three Gorges Dam, costing $22.5 billion, providing 10% of China’s energy.

103
Q

Benefits/costs to the TGD?

A

Created 60,000 jobs, 1.3 million displaced (140 towns, 13 cities and 8000 historical sites flooded), Yangtzee River dolphin extinct.

104
Q

What are Green Taxes?

A

Tax paid due to the environmental and social costs of using regular electricity (about 8% of an electric bill). Between 2007 and 2013, electricity and gas bills have risen by about 41%.

105
Q

What is the Cap and Trade system within the EU?

A

Companies are charged for using more fossil fuels, than they are targeted for. This may help reduce emissions by 20% by 2020.

106
Q

Is Algal Biofuel a potential alternative fuel?

A

Definitely, it is the most efficient form of biofuel, can create up to 20,000 gallons per acre.

107
Q

What two nations lead in biofuel production?

A

USA and Brazil, producing 500,000 million more gallons than anywhere in the world.

108
Q

How much less energy do BEDZED homes use?

A

45% less for electricity, 81% less for heating and 58% less water.

109
Q

How many BEDZED homes are located in Sutton, South London?

A

82.

110
Q

How is BEDZED stopping the need for cars?

A

Bike Sheds, proximity to train stations and bus stops (5 minute walk to Hackbridge Station).

111
Q

How many litres of Ethanol does the US produce annually?

A

22 billion litres.

112
Q

How much have oranges increased in price by within the last 4 years?

A

35%.

113
Q

How many years could UK become dependent from importing fossil fuels, if Fracking in Lancashire was allowed?

A

56 years.

Edexcel Geography Unit 3 (4 decks)

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