Energy Security Flashcards
1
Q
How many barrels of oil could Alberta tar sands make a day, in 2050?
A
11 million barrels a day. Supplying the USA’s energy needs.
2
Q
How many jobs could Tar Sands produce in Alberta, Canada?
A
100,000.
3
Q
What percentage of the Canadian economy was made up by Tar Sands in 2012?
A
5%.
4
Q
What is the energy input/output of Tar Sands compared to conventional Oil?
A
1 in 5, compared to 1 in 100.
5
Q
Name one disaster linked with the production of Tar Sands.
A
The 2010 Bitumen Spill, in close proximity to the Athabasca River. Leading to contamination.
6
Q
How many years does radioactive decay from Nuclear plants last? How much does it cost to store safely?
A
Lasts millions of years. About £85 billion.
7
Q
How much damage did the Chernobyl disaster do?
A
Killed 31 people. Cost about $120 billion.
8
Q
How much land was contaminated during the Chernobyl disaster?
A
100,000 squared kilometres.
9
Q
Why is energy not evenly distributed?
A
Wealth/Economic Development, rural populations, local energy reserves, stable neighbours and NGO work in poor nations.
10
Q
What percentage of Nepal’s population live in rural locations?
A
81.6%.
11
Q
How many people in Nepal don’t have access to electricity?
A
12.5 million.
12
Q
What is Nepal’s GDP per Capita?
A
$700.
13
Q
How many energy reserves do Nepal have?
A
None. This means they rely on firewood, 77% of energy is produced this way.
14
Q
What NGO makes Micro-Hydro dams in Nepal? And how many have been setup since 1996?
A
Practical Action. 400.
15
Q
What is the USA’s GDP?
A
$16.7 trillion.
16
Q
How much oil does the US import annually?
A
4.7 billion barrels (2016).
17
Q
What percentage of China’s energy does the Three Gorge’s Dam produce?
A
10%.
18
Q
How diverse are the UK’s gas imports?
A
Domestic - 10%.
Norway - 20%.
Europe - 35%.
Other countries - 35%.
19
Q
What is causing the increase in demand for energy?
A
Economic Growth, growing populations, Urbanisation and a growing affluence.
20
Q
How much did China’s economy grow by in 2007?
A
12%.
21
Q
What is China’s annual rural-urban migration rates?
A
8.5 million people.
22
Q
How much is car ownership expected to increase by in China?
A
From 16 cars per 1000 in 2002 to 267 per 1000 by 2030.
23
Q
How large are India and China’s populations?
A
India 1.1 billion, China 1.3 billion (40% of the world).
24
Q
What are India and China’s populations expected to be by 2030?
A
India and China’s populations are both expected to be around 1.45 billion.
25
How has geopolitics affected the supply of the EU?
29% of the EU's gas comes from Gazprom (a state owned TNC in Russia), due to political issues between Ukraine and Russia, supplies are being cut.
26
In relation to EU gas, what kind of country is Ukraine?
A transit country, meaning Russian gas travels through it to supply EU gas.
27
What happened in Ukraine in 2004, and what effect did this have?
Pro West movement, to join the EU, causing Russia to stop giving Ukraine 'mates rates'. Prices rose from $50-$230 per 000m^3. Ukraine then refused this, and gas supplies were cut, also leaving the EU without gas.
28
What percentage of China's energy comes from domestic coal reserves?
70%.
29
Name 4 ways energy pathways have been disrupted?
Geopolitical issues, Environmental Issues, Piracy and Terrorism.
30
What is the ESPO?
East Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil Pipeline.
31
Why was the ESPO re-routed?
The Baikal Lake (a UNESCO heritage site), and an area of endangered Amur Leopards.
32
How much did the ESPO cost? How much did it originally cost?
$12 billion. Originally costing $8 billion.
33
How has Piracy disrupted energy pathways?
Stealing of precious cargo, and supplies of oil/gas/coal. This has lead to an increase in defending ships with larger military presence.
34
How much does the Gulf of Aden cost to defend every year?
$6.9 billion.
35
How many pirate attacks were there in the Gulf of Aden in 2011?
151, an increase from 2010.
36
Why has Piracy become an issue around the Gulf of Aden?
Retaliation from dumping and Over-fishing in Somalian waters. Many see as justice.
37
How has Terrorism disrupted energy pathways?
Terrorist groups directly attacking gas and oil pipelines. Stopping energy getting to the West.
38
Where is the Baiji pipeline located and what is happening with the pipeline?
It is located between Turkey and North Syria, currently being attacked once a week, reducing it's flow to 1/10 of it's capacity.
39
What happened to the Abqaiq oil-processing plant in 2006?
The plant was attacked by two vehicles with explosives. Luckily, guards were able to defend the plant and no damage was done.
40
How much oil does the Abqaiq plant produce?
6.8 million barrels a day, 75% of Saudi Arabia's oil.
41
What economic and political issues may arise if energy supplies are disrupted?
Blackouts within nations, war/conflict, increase in prices. However, new exploration can lead to an economic gain.
42
What percentage of Bosnia's gas comes from Gazprom? What has happened when gas has been cut?
100%. Many areas have experienced total black out, until new supplies have been found.
43
What happened to oil prices in 2008?
They peaked at $143 per barrel, due to the start of the war in Iraq.
44
Name 1 war that was heavily linked to oil?
Iraq War 2003, fuelled by energy crisis in the western world. Saddam Hussein put the USA's energy security under threat.
45
Why are technically difficult/environmentally sensitive areas being explored?
Energy insecurity, rising prices of oil, economic gain and the size of the reserves.
46
What is the ANWR? How big is it?
The most biologically diverse Arctic area in the world. 19 million acres.
47
How many species of wildlife are located in the ANWR?
Over 200.
48
How many species of bird migrate to the coast in summer?
135 species.
49
What has been the peak of production in the ANWR currently?
Over 2 million barrels per day, however, this exploration has only been in Prudhoe Bay.
50
What is the economic gain of exploration in the ANWR?
Between 250,000 and 750,000 jobs created, estimated to be 16 billion barrels of oil meaning the USA doesn't need to use Middle East oil for 30 years.
51
What negative effects may come from the exploration of the ANWR?
Oil spills may destroy fish stocks (Eg: Exxon Valdez oil spill 1989). As it is a coastal region, will disrupt animal patterns.
52
Are the any environmental benefits to the ANWR exploration?
At Prudhoe Bay Caribou herds have increased in size from 30,000 - 32,000.
53
What disaster occurred on the 20th April 2010?
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (BP).
54
Why did the DWH oil spill occur?
A sudden burst of methane caused the Blow-Out Preventer to fail, then the pipe collapsed, and fire exploded onto the rig.
55
How many died in the DWH oil spill?
11 people.
56
How much oil leaked into the surrounding sea during the DWH oil spill? What impact did this have?
4.9 billion barrels. Cost $6.1 billion, fishing industry shut down 86,000km around the spill, BP lost half its share value. 4,600 dead animals collected washed up on the beach by August 2010.
57
How long was the oil leaking for?
87 days at a rate of 53,000 barrels per day.
58
How much Shale Gas do the US have?
Over 100 years worth.
59
What is the potential gain from Shale Gas for Alaska?
$44 billion.
60
Shale gas benefits?
Cleaner, jobs, stops dependency on the Middle East.
61
Shale gas costs?
Carcinogenic chemicals used, linked to collapse of coal industry, climate change, high cost extraction rates.
62
How much cleaner is Shale gas than coal?
50% cleaner.
63
How many jobs have been created by Shale gas extraction?
600,000 in 2010.
64
How much more expensive is Shale gas extraction in China compared to the US?
15% higher.
65
What does OPEC stand for?
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
66
Name 4 key players involved with the supply of energy.
Governments, Privately Owned TNC's, State Owned TNC's and Cartels.
67
What pipeline have the EU recently invested in? How much did it cost?
The Nabucco Pipeline, from Asia to Europe, costing £12 billion.
68
What will the Nabucco Pipeline achieve?
Diversification of EU energy supplies, stop dependence on Gazprom.
69
Name 4 privately owned TNC's that supply oil.
Texacco, Shell, Exxon-Mobil and BP.
70
How many countries does BP operate in?
Over 80 countries.
71
How many barrels of oil does BP produce per day? And how many service stations does BP own worldwide?
3.8 million barrels. 22,400 stations.
72
How much does BP invest into renewables each year?
$1 billion.
73
How many members form OPEC? How much oil do OPEC own?
12 members holding 79% of the world's oil reserves.
74
What are OPEC's aims?
To stabilise prices of oil, protect members interest and ensure an efficient flow of oil.
75
Criticisms of OPEC?
Holding back supply to rise the price and used oil embargo's as a political weapon (1973 oil crisis).
76
What happened in the 1973 oil crisis?
US support of the Israeli's during the Yom Kippur War, lead to a price increase in oil from $3 - $12 per barrel. Leading to 20% of the US's gasoline stations having no fuel.
77
Why is there uncertainty over future energy supplies?
Uncertainty of 'Peak Oil', geopolitics, fluctuations in prices, investment into green energy.
78
What happened to oil prices in 2015? And why?
Oil prices halved, due to Saudi Arabia producing 3 million extra barrels a day.
79
What recent 'green project' has been given the go-ahead in the UK? How much did it cost?
Hinkely Point C, costing £16 billion.
80
When will Hinkley Point C be fully operational?
2023.
81
What percentage of UK energy will it supply?
7%.
82
How much will Hinkley Point C reduce the energy bill in 2030?
£77.
83
What will a 'business as usual' energy model lead to?
Continued use of oil, dependence on OPEC, global warming (and many social, economic and environmental issues linked with GW).
84
What is energy generation expected to increase by from 2005 to 2030?
2x.
85
How many barrels of oil are expected to be consumed a day by 2030?
113 million.
86
How much will climate change cost the world?
About 20% of the world's GDP.
87
What will be the cost of extreme weather events due to climate change?
$150 billion.
88
What will a 2 degrees change do to economic output?
Will decrease economic output by 3%.
89
Why might energy insecurity lead towards conflict?
Geopolitical tensions, public opposition, areas of large reserves and small military presence being overrun and rising costs.
90
Why has Fracking in the UK been a failure?
It's large environmental costs, only 19% of people within the UK are in support of fracking. Leading to protests and marches.
91
What happened in Sussex 2013?
Protests began due to government support over fracking in the area.
92
How many activists were there in the Sussex Fracking protests? How many were arrested?
Over 1000. And 45 were arrested.
93
How much did this protest cost police?
Over £750,000.
94
How dependent is the US on Middle Eastern/OPEC oil?
65% of it's oil comes from these nations.
95
How much military does the US have in the Middle East?
Over 26,000 troops.
96
How much oil is predicted to be located within the Arctic?
25% of the world's unexplored oil.
97
How many countries have rights to the Arctic Sea? And what does this mean for oil?
8 countries. Lots of tension between who gets what?
98
What nation is claiming the largest chunk of land within the arctic?
Russia, who is claiming the Lomonosov Ridge (1240 miles long, 100 miles wide), based on rock samples.
99
What radical new approaches may be taken to meet future energy needs and reduce green house gas emissions?
Hydro Electric Power, Green Taxes, Nuclear Power, Energy Conservation, Biofuels and Policies.
100
Name one bottom-up radical approach.
Micro-Hydro Power in Nepal, placed by Practical Action. Over 2,200 created.
101
How is Micro-Hydro Power in Nepal benefitting locals as well as the environment?
Incomes in communities have risen by 11%. Less time spent gathering firewood (76% depend on firewood). Displacing over 10 million kilograms of CO2 annually.
102
Name one top-down radical approach.
HEP in China, Three Gorges Dam, costing $22.5 billion, providing 10% of China's energy.
103
Benefits/costs to the TGD?
Created 60,000 jobs, 1.3 million displaced (140 towns, 13 cities and 8000 historical sites flooded), Yangtzee River dolphin extinct.
104
What are Green Taxes?
Tax paid due to the environmental and social costs of using regular electricity (about 8% of an electric bill). Between 2007 and 2013, electricity and gas bills have risen by about 41%.
105
What is the Cap and Trade system within the EU?
Companies are charged for using more fossil fuels, than they are targeted for. This may help reduce emissions by 20% by 2020.
106
Is Algal Biofuel a potential alternative fuel?
Definitely, it is the most efficient form of biofuel, can create up to 20,000 gallons per acre.
107
What two nations lead in biofuel production?
USA and Brazil, producing 500,000 million more gallons than anywhere in the world.
108
How much less energy do BEDZED homes use?
45% less for electricity, 81% less for heating and 58% less water.
109
How many BEDZED homes are located in Sutton, South London?
82.
110
How is BEDZED stopping the need for cars?
Bike Sheds, proximity to train stations and bus stops (5 minute walk to Hackbridge Station).
111
How many litres of Ethanol does the US produce annually?
22 billion litres.
112
How much have oranges increased in price by within the last 4 years?
35%.
113
How many years could UK become dependent from importing fossil fuels, if Fracking in Lancashire was allowed?
56 years.
