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ASC 273 > water and protein topic 2 > Flashcards

water and protein topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is food?

A

material which after ingestion is capable of being digested, absorbed and metabolised

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2
Q

define ingestion

A

process of taking food into your body

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3
Q

define digestion

A

process of breaking down larger molecules in food into smaller ones capable of being absorbed across the GIT

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4
Q

define absorption

A

process of absorbing the end product of digestion across the GIT

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5
Q

define metabolism

A

process whereby absorbed nutrients are utilised to meet the animals requirements for energy, protein etc.

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6
Q

what are the 2 major components of food?

draw the nutrients in feed diagram

A

food= water and DM

DM= organic and inorganic

organic= carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins

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7
Q

why choose a feed sample of 10% water over a 50% water?

A

has less water content so hence a higher DM (90%) content, be of greater nutrient value

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8
Q

define organic matter

A

carbon based

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9
Q

why is water important?

A

60-70% of animals body, essential for bodily processes

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10
Q

what are 5 functions of water?

A

solvent, in metabolic processes (sweat), transport, tissue fluid and saliva

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11
Q

what are the 3 major sources of water?

A

metabolic water, drinking and food

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of water loss, give an example of each

A

sensible losses
- urine, faeces and sweat

insensible losses
- respiration

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13
Q

why is there a variation for water requirements in animals?

A 
heat production (increases requirements)
feed intake (increase in intake, increase in water req)
salt
accessibility 
quality 
species
physiological stage (e.g. lactation)
enviro adaptations
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14
Q

what are 3 things to consider when assessing water quality?

A

potential toxins
excess solids
chemical residues

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15
Q

list the steps nutrients in feed must go through to be useful to the animal

A

ingestion-
taking food into the body

digestion-
breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones capable of being absorbed

absorption-
absorbing the end products indigestion across the GIT

metabolism-
absorbed nutrients are utilised to meet animal requirements

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16
Q

what compounds can be potentially toxic to animals if drunk?

A

blue-green algae, nitrates, fluorine

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17
Q

why are proteins important?

A

essential to life, major part of all living tissue

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18
Q

what are the 4 main functions of proteins?

A 
immunity
(immunoglobulins)
structural
(hair)
metabolism
(enzymes)
potential energy source
(not efficient)
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19
Q

where do proteins come from?

A

diet

20
Q

what makes up proteins?

A

aa

21
Q

what is the basic structure of an aa?

A

amino group (NH2)
carboxyl group (COOH)
central carbon
r group

22
Q

what is an essential aa, list them (10)

A

animal cannot syn

arginine
histidine
isoleucine
lysine 
leucine
methionine
phenylalanine 
threonine
tryptophan 
valine
23
Q

where are proteins digested in monogastrics and ruminants?

A

SI and

rumen microbes then finally by animal in SI

24
Q

what form of proteins are absorbed into the blood across SI wall in mongastrics?

A

aa and dipeptides

25
Q

what breaks down proteins in the stomach and SI?

A

stomach
HCL and pepsin

SI
trypsin, chymotrypsin, peptidases

26
Q

what is the limiting aa?

A

the first limiting aa is most likely to be limiting

27
Q

what is biological availability of protein?

A

not all ingested proteins are accessable to the animal, those that are are considered biologically available

28
Q

what determines the protein requirements of a mongastric?

A 
age
- higher demand in young 
stage
- lactating and pregnant
maintenance
-has lowest requirements
29
Q

why does the digestion of proteins differ from mongastrics?

A

presence of microbes, modifying affect of rumen

30
Q

what is the role of microbes in ruminant digestion of protein?

A

they have 1st access before SI

enzymes they secrete break down proteins into ammonia and some aa which they use to build proteins for themselves

microbes die, wash to SI

microbes digested by animal, then absorb aa through SI

31
Q

what is MCP?

A

microbial crude protein, ruminants absorb most protein though microbes.
this gives its measure

32
Q

what is UDP? when would be the advantage of increasing this? (ruminants)

A

undegradable dietary protein,
protein that escapes microbial digestion in rumen. can do this by heating feed or adding chemicals (formaldehyde)

usually MCP enough, but in high producing cows (milking) may need to increase UDP

33
Q

what us NPN?

A

non protein nitrogen
e.g. urea

microbes need N so they can synthesise protein, feed NPN to increase protein in ruminant

little affect on monogastrics as the cannot use NPN

34
Q

draw a flow diagram of protein digestion in ruminants

A

page 48 study guide

35
Q

what are the ruminant protein requirements?

A

don’t have essential aa to same extent as monogastrics, microbes syn

36
Q

what is crude protein?

A

includes all N sources in feed (protein and non protein)

37
Q

how is crude protein calculated?

A

total N content X 6.25

38
Q

when is urea used?

A

to increase crude protein uptake in ruminanants
crude protein = 281%
(45% N X 6.25)

shouldn’t feed as more then 1% of diet- too much = rapid build up of ammonia = toxic

39
Q

what is urea poisoning and how can it be avoided?

A

too much urea in diet =rapid build up of ammonia = toxic

avoided by
introducing slowly
feed at low levels
mix thoroughly (no big clumps)
use blocks/open feeders (access at lib)
40
Q

define protein quality

A

dietary proteins containing essential aa at the level needed by the animal = high quality proteins

41
Q

what regulates absorption of water?

A

osmotic pressure

42
Q

what are the 2 protein classes give examples

A

simple

  • only aa
  • either fibrous structural role e.g. collagen
  • or globular
    e. g. albumin

conjugated

  • contain non protein groups
  • glycoproteins
  • lipoproteins
43
Q

what are the 5 types of N compounds

A 
nucleic acids
amines
amides
nitrates
alkaloids
44
Q

what are endopeptidases and exopeptidases?

A

o Endopeptidases
 Break proteins at internal points along AA chains
 Produce essentially no free AAs

o Exopeptidases
 Release individual AAs from ends of peptide chains

45
Q

what are zymogens?

A

digestive enzymes released from stomach or pancreas in the inactive form

ASC 273 (5 decks)

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