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ASC 273 > digestive systems- topic 1 > Flashcards

digestive systems- topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gastrointestinal system?

A

GIT and accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

What are the four major functions of the GIT?

A
  1. motility
  2. diggestion
  3. secretion
  4. absorption
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3
Q

what essential is the GIT?

A

hollow tube of musculo-membranous from the mouth to the anus

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4
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs (4)

A
  1. salivary glands
  2. gall bladder
  3. liver
  4. pancreas
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of digestive systems?

A
  1. mongastric
  2. ruminants (fore gut fermentors)
  3. hind gut fermentors
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6
Q

What is an example of a hindgut fermenter?

A

horse and rabbit

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7
Q

What is an example of a foregut fermenter?

A

ruminants - cow, sheep, goat

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8
Q

What is an example of a monogastric fermenter?

A

dogs and cats

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9
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity (6)?

A

prehension, mastication, insalivation, bolus formation, weapon, taste

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10
Q

What is the role of the tungue?

A 
prehensile organ (PICKING UP FOOD)
aids in chewing, mixing and bolus formation
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11
Q

what (4) types of papillae covers the tongue?

A
  1. filiform papillae
  2. fungiform papillae
  3. foliate papillae
  4. vallate papillae
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12
Q

where are taste buds found (5)?

A

on the tongue (papillae), epiglottis, larnyx, pharanyx and soft palate

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13
Q

What are the two types of lips and which animals have them?

A

soft- sheep and horse

hrad- pig and cow

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14
Q

what is the role of cheecks?

A

muscular, covered in mecous membrane, aid in

chewing.

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15
Q

what are the (2) components of the jaw?

A

upper- maxilla

lower- mandible

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16
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

roof of mouth

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17
Q

what is the soft palate?

A

caudal to the hard palate on roof of mouth

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18
Q

what are the (2) types of teeth?

A

hypsodont and brachydont

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19
Q

what is the difference between a hypsodont and brachydont tooth? give an example of each

A

hypsodont erupt continuaslly - horse

brachydont- low crowned teeth, stuop growing once erupted- dog

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20
Q

what are the 3 layers to the tooth?

A

pulp (inner) dentin enamel (outer)

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21
Q

what holds the tooth in place?

A

cementum and periodontal ligament

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22
Q

what are the 4 types of teeth?

A

incisor (cutting), canine (tearing), premolar and molar (grinding)

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23
Q

what are the tonsils?

A

mass of lympoid tissue

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24
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

common passage for food and air in 3 parts (oropharny, naso pharynx and hypopharynx)

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25
Q

what 2 muscles types surrond the oesophagus?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal

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26
Q

what is the small intestine important for?

A

digestion and absorption of fats, carbs and proteins

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27
Q

what are the 3 components of the small intetines?

A

duodenum, jejunum (long) and ileum (short)

iluem joins the small intetines to the caecum

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28
Q

what are the 3 components of the large intetines?

A

caecum, colon and rectum

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29
Q

what is the peritoneum and where is it found?

A

membrane lingin the abdominal cavity and covers all visceral organs within the abdomen

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30
Q

what are the 4 components of the peritoneum

A
  1. parietal ( lining abdominal wall)
  2. visceral (lining organs)
  3. mesentery (supports intestines and suspends them from dorsal abdominal wall)
  4. omentum ( covers stomach and other structures)
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31
Q

what are the 4 layers covering the GIT?

A
  1. mucosa (inner)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa (outer) (visceral peritonuem)
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32
Q

which animal has a crop and what is its role?

A

bird, acts as a food storage

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33
Q

what is a proventriculum and what is its role?

A

in birds, similar to grandular stomach. grinds and mixes food. `

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34
Q

which animal can have paired caeca?

A

bird

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35
Q

what is a cloaca?

A

in birds, similar to anus

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36
Q

what is the exterior portions of the monogastric stomach (4)?

A

cardiac, fundic, pyloris and body

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37
Q

what are the 4 internal regions of the monogastic stomach?

A

oesophageal- no glands
cardiac- glands
fundic- glands
pyloric- glandular

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38
Q

what are the 2 major parts of the ruminant (foregut)?

A
  1. forestomach
    - reticulum, rumen and omasum
  2. true stomach
    - abosmasum
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39
Q

what is the forestomach of the rumen and waht happens there?

A

rumen, recticulum and omasum

food is soaked, mixed and undergoes microbial digestions

40
Q

where does microbial digestion take place?

A

forestomach of ruminants

41
Q

where is the glandular part of the ruminant stomach?

A

abomasum (true stomach)

42
Q

describe the passage of food through the ruminant (7)

A

reticulum/rumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestines, caecum, large intestines

43
Q

what are the 4 components of the rumen?

A
  1. dorsal sac
  2. dorsal blind sac
  3. ventral sac
  4. ventral blind sac
44
Q

what divides the sacs of the rumen?

A

grooves externally, muscular pillars internally

45
Q

what is the role of the rumen?

A
  1. storage
  2. enviro for fermentation
  3. mixing
  4. transport
  5. eructation (burping)
  6. rumination
  7. absorption of VFA (product of fermentation)
46
Q

what are the two types of digestion and where do they take part in the ruminant?

A

microbial- foregut (rumen, reticulum and omasum

enzymatic- true stomach (abomasum)

47
Q

what 2 nerves control the GIT?

A

mysenteric and submucosal plexus

48
Q

what is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic control? how do they interact?

A

extrinsic- external
intrinsic- local
extrinsic systems communicate to the intrinsic through the mysenteric and submucosal plexus

49
Q

what is the function of motility (4)?

A
  1. propel ingesta
  2. retain ingesta (enables digestion, absorption or storage)
  3. physical break down of food
  4. circulate/mix food (increases contact with absorptive surfaces
50
Q

what is the first act of digestion?

A

mastication, mechanical breakdown of food

51
Q

what does chewing stimulate (4)?

A

secretion of saliva, gastric juices, pancreatic juices and bile

52
Q

define deglutition

A

swallowing

53
Q

what is the role of the epiglottis?

A

a flap of cartilage which covers the oesophagus when swallowing

54
Q

what is segmentation and where does it occur?

A

random localised contractions of the circular smooth muscle. occurs in the small and large intestines, mixing ingesta

55
Q

what are the 3 types of motility in the large intesetine?

A

peristalsis/antiperistalsis (peristalsis in reverse) and segmentation (random localised mixing) and mass movement (waves or peristalsis contractions sweeping undigested material along)

56
Q

what are the two types of rumen motility?

A
  1. primary contractions
    - mix ingesta
  2. secondary contractions
    - cause eruction (burping)
57
Q

what are the 3 stages of rumination and what happens during each phase?

A
  1. regurgiation
    - floating fiborous material regurgitated
  2. remastication
    - only rechewing of fiborous material
  3. reswallowing
    - moves reticulum to omasum
58
Q

what is the difference between secretions and excretions?

A

secretion- release of useful substances

excretion- elimination of waste from the body

59
Q

what are the two types of secretions of gastric juices and which cells secrete them?

A

exocrine cells

  • chief cells
  • parietal cells

endocrine

  • ECL cells (Enterochromaffin-like cells)
  • G cells
  • D cells
60
Q

what does the chief cell secrete and what does it do?

A

secrete pepsinogen- protein break down

61
Q

what does the parietal cell secrete and what does it do?

A

secrete HCL- activates pepsinogen which becomes pepsin, denatures proteins and kills micro organisms

62
Q

what does the ECL (Enterochromaffin-like cells) cell secrete and what does it do?

A

secrete histamine which stimulates parietal cells

63
Q

what does the G cell and D cell secrete and what does it do?

A

g cells secrete gastrin which stimulates parietal, chief and ECL cells

d cells secrete somatostatin which inhibits parietal, G and ECL cells

64
Q

what secretes intestinal juices and what does this do?

A

crypts of lieberkuhn between the villi

secrets watery bicarb fluid into lumen and intestinal hormones

65
Q

what glands are in the duodenum?

A

brunners glands secrete mucus

66
Q

what are peyers patches and where are they found?

A

aggregation of lymph nodes- immune response

intestines and commonly in ileum

67
Q

define digestion

A

breakdown of complex nutrients into simple molecules for absorption

68
Q

what are the 3 types of digestion and give an example of each

A
  1. mechanical
    chewing
  2. chemical
    enzymes
  3. microbial
    microflora in rumen
69
Q

define absorption

A

transport of simple molecules across the intestinal wall

70
Q

what does pepsin break down and where does this occur?

A

proteins, stomach

71
Q

what occurs most in the small intestines?

A

digestion and absorption of soluble carbs, proteins and fats

72
Q

what is the role of mechanical digestion?

A

reduce particle size to increase SA

73
Q

what is the role of chemical/glandular digestion?

A

reducing nutrients to simpler components

74
Q

what is the simple form of carbs and what enzyme do this?

A

simple sugars, amylase (from pancreas and saliva)

75
Q

what is the simple form of protein and what enzyme do this?

A

AA and simple peptides, pepsin and pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

76
Q

what is the simple form of fats and what enzyme do this?

A

monoglycerides and free FA, bile salts and pancreatic lipases

77
Q

In ruminants and horses, what do carbs become due to microbial digestion (fermentation)?

A

VFA- important energy source

78
Q

where are proteins transported to for processing?

A

liver

79
Q

where does fat digestion absorb into?

A

lymphatic system

80
Q

what are the 3 types of salivary gland classification?

A

serous, mucous or mixed

81
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid, mandibular and sublingual

82
Q

why is saliva not essential for non ruminants?

A

enzymes produced by the pancreas and small intestines can digest food

83
Q

what are the two nervous controls to the salivary glands and what do they do?

A

sympathetic
- decreases blood flow- saliva more sticky

parasympathetic
- increases blood flow- makes saliva watery

84
Q

what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine

A

endocrine secretes hormones directly into blood

exocrine secretes hormones ducts opening onto epithelium

85
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

compound gland with endocrine and exocrine portions producing sodium bicarb, digestive enzymes and hormones

86
Q

what is the exocrine portion of the pancreas and what is its function?

A

produces sodium bicarb and digestive enzymes

87
Q

what are the three exocrine digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas?

A

proteolytic enzymes- protein digestion
lipase- fats
amylase- carbs

88
Q

what is the endocrine portion of the pancreas and what is its function?

A

islets of langerhan produce insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)

89
Q

what are the four major vessels associated with the liver and what are their functions?

A

hepatic artery- arterial blood
portal vein- venous blood from all parts of digestive tract
vena cava- livers venous drainage
bile duct- releases bile

90
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from compounds

91
Q

what is glycolysis

A

breakdown of stored glycogen to release glucose

92
Q

what are the 3 general functions of the liver?

A

metabolic regulation
- composition of circling blood, metabolism of carbs and fats, waste product removal and storage of fat soluble vitamins

haematological regulation
- remove old rbc
syn and release of plasma proteins
removing circulating hormones

bile production
- stored in gall bladder

93
Q

what is the gall bladder and where is it located?

A

near liver, empties into duodenum via bile duct
not in horses
stores bile

94
Q

what is the function of the bile?

A

secreted as bile salts and pigments

breakdown fats and increase fat solubility (aids digestibility)

95
Q

list in order the principal parts of the digestive system

A

oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ceacum, colon, rectum, anus

96
Q

what is the role of the salivary gland?

A

breakdown of carbs, solvent, lube, buffer, immune

97
Q

what are the ruminant stomach compartments and what are their functions?

A 
rumen
- storage, mixing, transport eructation (burping)
reticulum
- reticulo rumen = fermentation vat 
omasum
-grinding roughage and squeezing out fluid
abomasum 
-gastric juices digest

ASC 273 (5 decks)

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