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ASC 273 > energy topic 3 > Flashcards

energy topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major energy sources?

A 
carbs
- major
lipids
- v. concentrated
protein
- can be used if insufficient of others
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2
Q

what makes up carbs

A

CHO

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3
Q

what are carbs the major source in?

A

plants

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4
Q

what are the 2 classifications of carbs?

A

sugars and non sugars, dependant on no of C

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5
Q

what is a sugar?

A

carb with <10 monosaccharides

oligosaccharides (all sugars but monosaccharides)

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6
Q

what is a non-sugar?

A

either polysaccharide (polymer of a mono) or complex carb (carbs + non carb molecules)

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7
Q

what are the 2 isomeric forms of monosaccharide sugars and which is more biologically sig?

A 
2 isomeric forms
e.g. glucose 
D
MOST BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
L
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8
Q

what is the 2 nutritional classifications of carbs?

A

fibrous (insoluble) and non-fibrous (soluble)

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9
Q

which form of carb is more digestable?

A

non-fibrous (soluble), readily absorbed across SI wall

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10
Q

give an example of a soluble (non-fibrous) carb

A

monosaccharides-glucose
di- lactose
poly- starch

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11
Q

what is the difference in digestion of soluble (non-fibrous) in ruminants and monogastrics?

A

monogastric
- solubles digested by own enzymes in SI, simple sugars absorbed into blood stream >energy

ruminants
- via microbe digestion in rumen, VFA absorbed into blood stream> energy

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12
Q

what are fibrous (insoluble) carbs?

A

structural components of plants, monosaccharides strongly bonded. increase with age of plant
e.g. cellulose and hemicellulose

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13
Q

can animals breakdown soluble carbs?

A

NO

aniamal enzymes cannot digest

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14
Q

what is the difference in fibrous digestion in mongastrics and ruminants?

A

monogastrics
- in LI by enzymes, end product of VFA

ruminants
- in rumen by microbial enzymes, end product VFA

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15
Q

how do monogastrics breakdown fibrous carbs?

A 
in LI, have similar microbes to ruminants to breakdown 
secrete enzymes (e.g. cellulase) capable of breaking bonds

end product =VFA

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16
Q

how do ruminants breakdown fibrous carbs?

A

in rumen by microbial enzymes, end product VFA

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17
Q

what are hind and foregut fermenters?

A

hindgut
- monogastric

fore
- ruminant

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18
Q

why do ruminants utilise fibrous insoluble carbs more efficiently then mongastrics?

A
  • microbe pop in rumen bigger then LI
  • digesta spends longer in rumen
  • ruminants regurgitate
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19
Q

draw the digestion of carbs in a ruminant

A

page 54

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20
Q

what are 3 VFA and what happens to them?

A

acetate, butyrate and propinate

the byproduct of metabolism
absorbed across rumen and into bloodstream
transported to liver
used as energy

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21
Q

what are 4 fibrous components of the cell wall?

A

hemicullose
cellulose
structural protiens
lingnin

22
Q

what are 4 non-fibrous components of the cell wall?

A 
lipds
sugars
starch
NPN
protein
23
Q

define hemicellulose

A

fibrous structural component of the plant cell wall

concentration increases with plant age, higher in grasses then legumes.

affects digestibility

alkali soluble cell wall polysaccharide of hexoses and pentoses

24
Q

what is cellulose?

A

fibrous structural component of a cell wall

insoluble linear polymer of D glucose molecules

microbial fermentation breaks down, yields glucose

25
Q

what is lignin?

A

not a carb
group of compounds which are a polymer of phenolic acid

completely indigestible, increases structural rigidity decreases plant digestibility

26
Q

Are structural proteins indigestible?

A

yes, highly indigestible

27
Q

what is tannin?

A

non-fibrous, soluble

bitter taste, reduces consumption

stable foam fermentation in rumen by binding and precipitating proteins
= prevention of bloat

28
Q

what are lipids?

A

organic compound insoluble to water but soluble in solvents

29
Q

how can a lipid be classified chemically?

A

glycerol
- more common
non-glycerol based

30
Q

what are 2 nutritionally important lipids?

A

fats
- solid at room temp
oils
- liquid

31
Q

what is the energy of fat compared to carbs?

A

1g fat - 39.6 kJ

1g carb- 17.6kJ

32
Q

what are the 3 types of fat?

A

monoglyceride
- 1 glycerol and 1 fatty acid

di
- 1 gly, 2 FA

tri
-1 gly, 3 FA

33
Q

what form are oils generally found?

A

triglyceride

34
Q

what is the simplest FA

A

VFA- acetic acid

35
Q

what are the 2 types of lipids found in plants?

A

structural
- in membranes and protective layers

storage
- in fruits and seeds, mainly as oil

36
Q

what is the role of lipids in animals?

A

energy storage
- mainly as fat

electron and substrate carriers

vitamin absorption

in membranes

structural
- small part in muscle and adipose tissue

37
Q

what are the 2 forms of glycerol lipids

A

simple

  • esters of FA with alcohols
  • e.g. fats, oils waxes

compound

  • esters of FA with alcohols and non-lipid substances (e.g. K, carbs)
  • e.g. phospholipids, glycolipids
38
Q

what is a non-glycerol lipid?

A

one of two types of lipids (glycerol lipid)

includes sterols and terpenes

39
Q

where does fat digestion occur in monogastric and ruminant?

A

monogastric
- SI

ruminant

  • poor ability to digest in rumen
  • digested in SI
40
Q

how does the mongastric digest fat?

A

bile salts secreted into SI
- emulsify fats

SA increased by

  • churning of intestines
  • emulsification by bile salts (breaks down fats)

pancreatic lipase enzyme breaks down monoglycerides and free FA
- mix with bile salts to form mixed micelles which are absorbed by passive diffusion

once absorbed across SI wall, resyn back to triglycerides then enter blood stream via lyph fluid

41
Q

how does the ruminant digest fat?

A

microbes of rumen ability to digest fat limited
- adversely affects microbes
- limit to 7% of diet
too much fat= reduced production

long chain FA not absorbed well

  • saturated by bacterial lipases before they reach the SI
  • then absorbed and stored as highly saturated

lipids then absorbed in SI similar to mongastric

42
Q

what is the difference in storage of mongastrics and ruminants in lipids?

A

mongastrics

  • saturated or unsaturated
  • matches what animal fed

ruminant
- highly saturated regardless by what is fed

43
Q

what are essential FA?

A 
fatty acids the body cannot synthesise
needed for
lipoproteins
- cell membranes
prostaglandins
- hormones
44
Q

what are symptoms of a deficiency in EFA?

A

abnormal skin and poor growth,

fresh pasture excellent source of EFA

45
Q

what are FA used for>

A

transported to liver for;

  • storage of fats
  • energy source
  • syn other compounds (e.g. steroids)
46
Q

why is fat needed in the diet?

A

EFA and absorption of fat soluble vitamins

47
Q

what is a FA?

A

chains of C with a carboxyl group at the end of each chain and a R group

48
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated FA?

A

saturated
- have no double bonds

unsaturated
- 1+ double bond

49
Q

what is the major difference between monogastrics and ruminantsin their digestion of fat

A

monogastrics

  • absorbed in SI with the aid of pancreatic enzymes and bile salts
  • storage of fats matches whats ingested

ruminants

  • doesn’t digest FA well, affects microbes
  • fully saturated in rumen by bacterial lipases and absorbed highly saturated regardless of how ingested
50
Q

what are 2 EFA?

A

Linoleic and linolenic acid

51
Q

what are micelles?

A

aggregation of molecules in a colloidal solution

micelles in digestion
- pancreatic lipases breaking down fat

mixed micelles
- FFA, mono with bile salts

ASC 273 (5 decks)

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