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A Level Geography > Water and Carbon Cycles > Flashcards

Water and Carbon Cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

Inputs-What?

A

Material or energy moving into the system from outside

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2
Q

Output-What?

A

Material or energy moving from the system to the outside

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3
Q

Energy-What?

A

Power or driving force

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4
Q

Stores-What?

A

The individual elements or components of the system

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5
Q

Flows/Transfer-What?

A

The movement of matter or energy from one store to another

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6
Q

Boundaries-What?

A

The limits of the system

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

System-What?

A

An assembly of interrelated parts that work together by way of some driving force

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9
Q

System- Simple Definition

A

A set of steps that occur to make something happen

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10
Q

Types of Systems

A

There are two types of systems: -Open System -Closed System

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11
Q

Types of Systems-Open

A

A system with inputs and outputs to other systems. matter and energy can enter and leave the system

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12
Q

Types of Systems-Closed

A

A system with no inputs and outputs. All matter is enclosed within the system but energy can enter or leave a system

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13
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium-What?

A

A state of balance between inputs and outputs in a system

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14
Q

What happens when elements change?

A

It causes feedback

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15
Q

Types of feedback

A

There are two types of feedback: -Positive Feedback -Negative Feedback

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16
Q

Types of feedback- Positive Feedback

A

A cyclical sequence of events that amplify or increase change

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17
Q

Types of feedback-Negative Feedback

A

A cyclical sequence of events that damp down or neutralize the effects of the system

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18
Q

Spheres of Earth

A

The Earth is broken down into 5 spheres -Cryosphere -Lithosphere -Biosphere -Hydrosphere -Atmosphere

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19
Q

Spheres of Earth- Cyrosphere

A

The cyrosphere includes all the parts of the Earth where its cold enough for water to freeze

10% of worlds land area . includes glaciers , ice shelf and sheets . contiential and alpine glaciation

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20
Q

Spheres of Earth- Lithosphere

A

The lithosphere is the outermost part of the Earth. It includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle

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21
Q

Spheres of Earth- Biosphere

A

The biosphere is the part of the Earth’s system where living things are found. It include all the living parts of the Earth

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22
Q

Spheres of Earth- Hydrosphere

A

The hydrosphere includes all of the water on Earth. This is all the water in states of matter (Solid, Liquid and Gas)

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23
Q

Spheres of Earth-Atmosphere

A

The atmosphere is the layer of gas between the Earth’s surface and space, held in place by gravity

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24
Q

Spheres of Earth-Matter Movement

A

Matter can move between the spheres

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25
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Evaporation

A

Transfer of water from liquid state to gas state. The vast majority occurs from the oceans to the atmosphere

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26
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Condensation

A

Transfer of water from a gaseous state to a liquid state

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27
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Precipitation

A

Transfer of water from the atmosphere to the ground ( lithosphere , cryrosphere and athmosphere ) , normally as rain

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28
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Drainage Basin

A

The area from which a river channel receives water

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29
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Interception

A

Water is intercepted by plant leafs and stored there

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30
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Ground Water

A

The store of water that is moved by percolation into the lower layers of the soil or bedrock

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31
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Aquifer

A

A permeable rock which stores and transfers water

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32
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Stem Flow

A

The flow of water down stems or trunks after interception of rainfall

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33
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Infiltration

A

Movement of water from the surface to the soil

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34
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Through Flow

A

The movement of water through a soil to a river channel

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35
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Percolation

A

Downward movement of water through soil and bedrock

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36
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Overland Flow

A

Water running over the surface of the land into a river channel or body of water

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37
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Channel Flow

A

Run off of surface water in a defined channel

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38
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Water Balance/Budget

A

When the input of water is equal to the output

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39
Q

The Water Cycle-Key Terms- Water Table

A

The upper boundary of the staturised portion of a soil or rock

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40
Q

Water- Total amount

A

The hydrosphere contains 1.4 Sextillion litres of water. Less than 3% of that is freshwater

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41
Q

Water-Freshwater Percentages

A

69% frozen in cyrosphere 30% is groundwater 0.3% is liquid freshwater (we can drink this) 0.04% is stored as water vapour in atmosphere

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42
Q

The Water Cycle- Evaporation of water vappury

A

The water vapour from the oceans is evaporated and condensed in the atmosphere to create clouds

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43
Q

The Water Cycle- Clouds and Percolation

A

Moisture is then transported around the globe in clouds, and return to the surface via percolation

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44
Q

The Water Cycle- Water on Ground

A

When reaching the ground, some water will evaporate back into the atmosphere, while some of it will percolate the ground to form groundwater

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45
Q

The Water Cycle- Surface Water

A

The water that is not evaporated, percolated, or infiltrated is known as runoff, and is empited into the lakes and rivers, which flow into oceans. The cycle then starts again

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46
Q

How long does water remain in the store?-Soil Water

A

1-2 months

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47
Q

How long does water remain in the store?-Seasonal Snow Cover

A

2-6 months

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48
Q

How long does water remain in the store?-Rivers

A

2-6 months

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49
Q

How long does water remain in the store?- Glaciers

A

20-100 years

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50
Q

How long does water remain in the store?- Lakes

A

50-100 years

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51
Q

How long does water remain in the store?- Shallow Groundwater

A

100-200 years

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52
Q

How long does water remain in the store?-Deep Groundwater

A

10000 years

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53
Q

Why does soil water has the shortest duration?

A

The water is absorbed by plant roots, evaporated or flows into rivers as through flow

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54
Q

Changes to water cycle on a local level- Physical Causes

A

-Heavy Rain leads to more water in stores -Seasons- Snow and frozen water interrupt transfers- Stores are affected

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55
Q

Changes to water cycle on a local level -Human Causes

A

-Urbanization- Impermeable surfaces reduce infiltration -Deforestation-Reduces interception and infiltration- Overland flow increases - Farming- Ditches drain the land and encourage quick water flow -Irrigation-Increases water on ground

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56
Q

Changes to water cycle over time- Climate Change

A

The heating of the Earth has caused the ice caps to melt. This means that water that was once stored as ice is now in liquid form. This leafs to more water in the oceans, which leads to sea levels to rise, affecting the water cycle’s stores

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57
Q

Changes to water cycle over space- The Global Circulation Model

A

This model can be used to explain why some places get rain, and other don’t. The amount of rain can affect the water cycle

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58
Q

Cloud Formation

A

Clouds are formed by warm moist air rising

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59
Q

The Global Circulation Model-Cells

A

The global circulation model consists for 4 different cells. They are: -Polar Cell -Ferrel Cell -Hadley Cell -ITCZ

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60
Q

The Global Circulation Model-Cells- Polar Cell

A

In this cell, warm air descends over poles. Cold air rises over poles. This causes no rain, but cold temperature

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61
Q

The Global Circulation Model-Cells - Ferrel Cell

A

In this cell, warm air rises towards poles. This air meets cold from the polar cell. This causes low pressure, which causes rain to fall, affecting the water cycle

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62
Q

The Global Circulation Model-Cells- Hadley Cell

A

In this cell, the cold air rises and travels to the poles. This air where there is desserts

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63
Q

The Global Circulation Model-Cells- ITCZ

A

Stands for Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. In this cell, the warm air rises, cools and condensed to form heavy rain. This is where rainforests are

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64
Q

Seasonal Changes to the water cycle- Soil Water Budget

A

The soil water budget is a way of explaining how much water there is in the soil

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65
Q

Soil Water Budget- Winter

A

-Water Surplus as precipitation is more than evapotranspiration -Ground stores fill with Water- Causes more surface runoff and a higher discharge-River levels rise

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66
Q

Soil Water Budget- Summer

A

-Evapotranspation exceeds precipitation- Water deficit -Water that flows into river channel is not replaced by rain

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67
Q

Flows that Influence precipitation - Interception and Stem flow

A

Precipitation becomes puddles, flow as overland flow or infiltrate the soil. Some water may be taken up by plants and then transpired

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68
Q

Flows that Influence precipitation - Groundwater Flow

A

Groundwater flow carries on feeding rivers well after the rain has stopped. This means that Rivers continue to flow after a long period

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69
Q

Flows that Influence precipitation-Infiltration

A

When the soil cannot be infiltrated by the water anymore, it becomes saturated. This leads to overland flow, which adds water to rivers

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70
Q

Flows that Influence precipitation -Soil Type

A

Sandy soil cannot retain a lot of water, this leads to saturation, which can lead to overland flow. Clay soil retains a lot of water, so the soil might not become saturated

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71
Q

Flows that Influence precipitation- Trees and Vegetation

A

Trees and vegetation can reduce the amount of precipitation that reaches the river. The water is intercepted, infiltrated or evapotranspirated instead of reaching the river

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72
Q

Water Shed-What?

A

The watershed is the boundary of the drainage basin. Any precipitation that falls beyond the watershed enters a different drainage basin

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73
Q

Type of system the drainage basin is?

A

It is a open system as it has inputs and outputs

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74
Q

The Drainage Basin-Inputs

A

-Precipitation

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75
Q

The Drainage Basin-Stores

A

-Interception-Temporary store as water could evaporate quickly -Vegetation Storage-Plants -Surface Storage-Puddles -Soil Storage -Groundwater Storage -Channel Storage-Rivers

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76
Q

The Drainage Basin-Transfers

A

-Infiltration -Overland Flow -Throughfall -Stemflow -Percolation -Groundwater Flow -Baseflow -Interflow -Channel Flow

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77
Q

Throughfall-What?

A

Water dripping from one leaf or plant part to another

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78
Q

Groundwater Flow-What?

A

The movement of water below the water table through permeable rock

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79
Q

Baseflow-What?

A

Groundwater flow that feeds into rivers through river banks and river beds

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80
Q

Interflow-What?

A

Water flowing downhill through permeable rock above the water table

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81
Q

The Drainage Basin-Outputs

A

-Evaporation -Transpiration -Evapotranspiration -River Flow

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82
Q

Transpiration-What?

A

Evaporation within leaves

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83
Q

Evapotranspiration-What?

A

The process of evaporation and transpiration happening together

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84
Q

The Water Balance-Equation

A

P=O+E=/-S

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85
Q

The Water Balance-What is P?

A

P is Precipitation

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86
Q

The Water Balance-What is O

A

O is total runoff (stream flow)

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87
Q

The Water Balance-What is E

A

E is Evapotranspiration

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88
Q

The Water Balance-What is S

A

S is Storage in soil and rock

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89
Q

What causes Variation in runoff?

A

There are many factors that cause variation in runoff rates: -Soil Water -Rock Type -Vegetation Cover -Rate of Rainfall

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90
Q

What causes Variation in runoff?-Soil Water

A

If the soil is very saturated, the water will run off. If the soil is not saturated, the water will infiltrate the soil

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91
Q

What causes Variation in runoff?-Rock Type

A

If the rock is impermeable, run off rates are high as the water cannot enter the rocks

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92
Q

What causes Variation in runoff?-Vegetation Cover

A

A highly vegetated area will intercept and use the water, so runoff is limited. If the area is not vegetation, runoff rate will increase

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93
Q

What causes Variation in runoff?-Rate of Rainfall

A

If the rain is intense, it is more likely to pass quickly into rivers, increasing runoff. Drizzle will be held in trees, and the majority of it would be evaporated

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94
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-What?

A

A graph that shows the discharge of the river following a particular storm event

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95
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Peak Discharge

A

The highest point of the graph, where river discharge is at its greatest

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96
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Lag Time

A

The delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge

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97
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Lag Time-Why?

A

It takes time for rainwater to flow in to the river

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98
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Lag Time-Short

A

This can increase peak discharge because more water reaches the river during a shorter period of time

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99
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Rising Limb

A

The part of the graph up to the peak discharge. Discharge increases as rainwater flows into the river

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100
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Falling Limb

A

The part of the graph after the peak discharge. Discharge decreases as less rainwater is flowing into the river

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101
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Shallow Falling Limb

A

This shows water is flowing in from stores long after it’s stopped raining

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102
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-“Flashy” Hydrograph

A

A hydrograph with a short lag time and high peak

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103
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-“Flashy” Hydrograph Characteristics-Basin Size

A

Small basins often lead to rapid water transfer

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104
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-“Flashy” Hydrograph Characteristics-Drainage Density

A

High density speeds up water transfer

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105
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-“Flashy” Hydrograph Characteristics-Rock Type

A

Impermeable rocks encourage rapid overland flow

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106
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-“Flashy” Hydrograph Characteristics-Land Use

A

Urbanization encourages rapid water transfer

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107
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-“Flashy” Hydrograph Characteristics-Relief

A

Steep slopes lead to rapid water transfer

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108
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-“Flashy” Hydrograph Characteristics-Soil Water

A

Saturated soil results in rapid overland flow

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109
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-“Flashy” Hydrograph Characteristics-Rainfall Intensity

A

Heavy rain may exceed the infiltration capacity of vegetation, and lead to rapid overland flow

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110
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Low Hydrograph

A

A hydrograph with a long lag time and low peak

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111
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Low Hydrograph Characteristics- Basin Size

A

Large basins results in relatively slow water transfer

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112
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Low Hydrograph Characteristics-Drainage Density

A

Low density leads to a slower transfer

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113
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Low Hydrograph Characteristics-Rock Type

A

Permeable rocks encourage a slow transfer by groundwater flow

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114
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Low Hydrograph Characteristics-Land Use

A

Forests slow down water transfer because of interception

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115
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Low Hydrograph Characteristics-Relief

A

Gentle slopes slow down water transfer

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116
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Low Hydrograph Characteristics-Soil Water

A

Dry soil soaks up water and slows down its transfer

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117
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Low Hydrograph Characteristics-Rainfall Intensity

A

Light rain will transfer slowly

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118
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-“Flashy” Hydrograph Characteristics-River Flooding

A

Flooding is likely

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119
Q

The Flood Hydrograph-Low Hydrograph Characteristics-River Flooding

A

Less likely to flood

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120
Q

Natural Variations Affecting Change in the Water Cycle

A

There are three main reasons for natural variations in the water cycle: -Droughts -Seasonal Changes -El Niño/La Niña

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121
Q

Drought-What?

A

Droughts are a period of below average rainfall

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122
Q

Drought effects on the water cycle-Stores

A

Droughts cause reduction in water stores in rivers and lakes

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123
Q

Drought effects on the water cycle-Vegetation

A

Vegetation dies back or it is destroyed by fire-it. This affects transpiration, Interception and Infiltration

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124
Q

Drought effects on the water cycle-Groundwater Flow

A

Groundwater flow becomes more important as it is a long term transfer and is not affected by short term weather extremes

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125
Q

Drought effects on the water cycle-Evapotranspiration

A

Heat and dry air causes high rates of evapotranspiration. This rate declines as water on the ground dries up, and trees transpire less

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126
Q

Drought effects on the water cycle-Soil Water

A

As soils dry out, the soil water store is reduced and through flow ceases

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127
Q

Droughts-Case Study-California

A

California suffered a severe drought between 2012-2016. Rivers and lakes dried up, agriculture productivity declined and fires raged across tinder dry forests and grassland

128
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on Precipitation-Summer

A

Total rainfall may be less, but storms are more frequent

129
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on Precipitation-Winter

A

Greater quantities of rainfall with a likelihood of snow

130
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on Vegetation-Summer

A

Vegetation grows rapidly. This causes more interception and transpiration to occur

131
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on Vegetation-Winter

A

Vegetation dies back. This reduces inception and transpiration

132
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on Evaporation-Summer

A

Higher temperatures in summer causes rapid rates of evaporation

133
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on Evaporation-Winter

A

Low temperatures in winter causes rates of evaporation to reduce

134
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on Soil Water-Summer

A

Dry soils encourage infiltration. Hard soils encourage overland flow

135
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on Soil Water-Winter

A

During winter, soils may become saturated. This leads to overland flow

136
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on River Channel Flow-Summer

A

In the summer, the river has low flow conditions

137
Q

Seasonal Changes and their effect on River Channel Flow-Winter

A

In the winter, the river has high flow conditions

138
Q

El Niño-What?

A

El Niño is a weather phenomenon caused when warm water from the western Pacific Ocean flows eastward.

139
Q

El Niño-The Normal Process

A

Normally, trade winds push warm water from South America across the Pacific Ocean. This causes warm air to rise over countries like Indonesia and Australia, which creates clouds, which causes rainfall. This leads to floods. In South America, there are no clouds formed due to the cold water. This leads to drought conditions in places like Peru

140
Q

El Niño-The Process

A

The trade winds weaken, and the warm water is now in South America. This causes flooding in Peru. In Indonesia and Australia, there is no clouds due to cold water, so there are droughts in this area

141
Q

La Niña-The Process

A

An intensified version of the normal conditions. This causes stronger rainfall in the East, and stronger droughts in Peru

142
Q

Human Activities affecting the Water Cycle

A

There are many human activities that affect the water cycle: -Land Use Change -Farming Practices -Water Abstraction

143
Q

Land Use Change-Urbanization

A

The urbanization of an area involves laying tarmac. This means that water cannot infiltrate the soil, which increases overland flow, and flooding risk. This also means that soil water and groundwater is reduced

144
Q

Land Use Change-Deforestation

A

Deforestation causes surface runoff and soil erosion. It reduces soil water stores

145
Q

Farming Practices-Ploughing

A

Ploughing breaks up the surface so that more water can infiltrate, reducing the amount of runoff

146
Q

Farming Practices-Crops

A

Crops increase infiltration and interception,reducing runoff. Evapotranspiration can also increase, increasing rainfall

147
Q

Farming Practices-Livestock

A

Livestock trample and compact the soil, leading to a decrease in infiltration and a increase in runoff

148
Q

Farming Practices-Irrigation

A

Irrigation can increase runoff if some water cannot infiltrate. Groundwater or river levels can fall if water is extracted for irrigation

149
Q

Irrigation-What?

A

Irrigation is artificially watering the land

150
Q

Water Abstraction-What?

A

Water abstraction is the extraction of water from rivers and groundwater aquifers

151
Q

Water Abstraction-Population

A

More water is abstracted to meet the demands in areas where population density is high. This reduces the amount of water in stores

152
Q

Water Abstraction-Dry Seasons

A

During dry seasons, a lot of water is abstracted from stores for consumption and irrigation. This reduces the amount of water in stores

153
Q

Human Activities affecting the Water Cycle -Case Study-The Middle East-Causes

A

In parts of the Middle East, water is being abstracted from underground aquifers, which are in serious danger of becoming depleted as the rate of recharge is far slower than the rate of use.

154
Q

Human Activities affecting the Water Cycle -Case Study-The Middle East-Solution

A

Netting of plants and crops can be used to reduce evaporation in hot environments, reducing the need for water

155
Q

Human Activities affecting the Water Cycle -Case Study-Aral Sea

A

The Aral Sea is a massive inland lake in Kazakhstan. They drained the rivers that feed the Aral Sea with cotton plants, this lead to a reduction in size of the Aral Sea

156
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Location

A

The River Exe flows for 82.7km from its source in the hills of Exmoor, to the sea at Exmouth. It has a extensive network of tributaries and a high drainage basin

157
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Characteristics-Physical

A

-Area of upper catchment is 601KM squared -Maximum elevation of 514m in the north -Land is flatter in the south

158
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Characteristics-Geology

A

-84.4% of the catchment area is underlain by impermeable rocks, predominantly sandstone

159
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Characteristics-Land Use

A

-67% of the land is agricultural grassland -15% is woodland -On the high ground of Exmoor, there are moors and peat bogs

160
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Water Balance

A

1295mm of percipitation

161
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Rainfall

A

Rainfall is high, particular over Exmoor, Much of it is absorbed by the peaty moorland soils. However, if the soil is saturated if the rain lands where drainage ditches have been dug, water can rapidly flow of the hills

162
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Runoff

A

Runoff accounts for 65% of the river Exe’s water balance,

163
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Runoff-Reasons why 65% is runoff

A

-The impermeable nature of most of the bedrock. This reduces percolation and base flow -Drainage ditches on Exmoor reduces the amount of soil water storage

164
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Response to Rainwater

A

The river Exe responds relative slow to rainfall. After flooding, discharge recedes slowly, reflecting the rural nature of the area

165
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Recent Developments and the Water Cycle-Wimbleball Reservoir

A

The river Haddeo, a tributary of the Exe, was dammed to create the Wimbleball Reservoir. This leads to a reduced amount of water in the River Exe. The flow of water from the reservoir is regulated, preventing peaks and through that make flooding or doughts more likely

166
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Recent Developments and the Water Cycle-Peatland Restoration on Exmoor

A

Drainage ditches have been dug in the peat bogs to make it suitable for farming. This had increased the speed of water flow, which reduces water quantity, as more slit is being carried downstream. Peat has also been dug as fuel, leaving scars in the landscape. As the surface dried out, deposition occurred, releasing carbon and methane into the atmosphere

167
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Recent Developments-The Exmoor Mires Project-Aims

A

The Exmoor Mires Project aims to restore 2000 hectarces of Exmoor to the natural boggy conditions

168
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Recent Developments-The Exmoor Mires Project-What they did

A

They blocked drainage ditches with peat blocks and moorland bales

169
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Recent Developments-The Exmoor Mires Project-Benefits-Water Cycle

A

+More water storage in upper catchment-runoff slowed, storage capacity increased, this ensures steady supply to water +Improved water quality-Slow through flow leads to less sediment in rivers +Improved water supply to animals-All year round drinking water

170
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Recent Developments-The Exmoor Mires Project-Benefits-Carbon Cycle

A

+More carbon storage-Less carbon dioxide released +Dry peats-release carbon via oxidation, re wetting of peats means that carbon dioxide is absorbed

171
Q

Water Case Study-The River Exe-Recent Developments-The Exmoor Mires Project-Benefits-General

A

+Provides opportunities for education,leisure and recreation +Very Bio diverse landscape created

172
Q

Carbon-What?

A

One of the most chemically versatile elements. It forms more compounds than any other element. It is found it all life forms, as well as sedimentary rocks, diamonds, graphite, coal, oil and gas

173
Q

Carbon in Earth’s Spheres-Lithosphere

A

-Over 99.9% of the carbon on Earth is stores in sedimentary rocks, such as limestone -About 0.004% of the carbon on Earth is stored in fossil fuels

174
Q

Carbon in Earth’s Spheres-Atmosphere

A

-Carbon is stored as carbon dioxide and in smaller quantities as methane -The atmosphere contains about 0.001% of the Earth’s carbon

175
Q

Carbon in Earth’s Spheres-Hydrosphere

A

-Carbon dioxide is dissolved in rivers, lakes and oceans -Oceans are the second largest carbon store, containing 0.04% of Earth’s carbon

176
Q

Carbon in Earth’s Spheres-Biosphere

A

-Carbon is stored in the tissues of living organisms. It is transferred to the soil when living organisms die and decay -The biosphere contains approximately 0.004% of Earth’s carbon

177
Q

Carbon in Earth’s Spheres-Cyrosphere

A

-The cyrosphere contains less than 0.01% of Earth’s carbon -Most the the carbon is in the soil areas of permafrost, where decomposing plants and animals have frozen into the ground

178
Q

The Carbon Cycle-Simple Version

A

Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and release oxygen. They store carbon Decomposive matter gives off carbon dioxide, which goes into the atmosphere Life forms eat the plants and respire, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Combustion of fossil fuels also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

179
Q

Carbon Sink-What?

A

A store that absorbs more carbon than it releases

180
Q

Carbon Source-What?

A

A store that releases more carbon than it absorbs

181
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle

A

There are 6 main stores in the global carbon cycle: -Marine sediments and sedimentary rocks -Oceans -Fossil Fuel Deposits -Soil Organic Matter -Atmosphere -Terrestrial Plants

182
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Marine sediments and sedimentary rocks-What?

A

The largest store of carbon. It is a long term store, with rocks taking millions of years to form

183
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Marine sediments and sedimentary rocks-Amount of Carbon

A

100,000 billion metric tones of carbon is in this store

184
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Oceans-What?

A

Carbon dioxide is absorbed directly from the air and river water discharges carbon carried in solution. Since the industrial revolution, the oceans have absorbed more carbon dioxide from the air, due to increased carbon emissions

185
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Oceans-Amount of Carbon

A

38,000 billion metric tones of carbon is in this store

186
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Fossil Fuel Deposits-What?

A

Hydrocarbons such as coal, oil and gas are important long term stores of carbon. These resources have been exploited for heat and power. The combustion of these has pumped huge quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, causing climate change

187
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Fossil Fuel Deposits-Amount of Carbon

A

4000 billion metric tones of carbon is in this store

188
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Soil Organic Matter-What?

A

Soils containing rotting organic matter and are important carbon store. Carbon can remain in soils for hundreds of years. Deforestation, land use change and soil erosion can, however, release the stored carbon very rapidly

189
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Soil Organic Matter-Amount of Carbon

A

1500 billion metric tones of carbon is in this store

190
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Atmosphere-What?

A

Carbon is held in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. In recent decades, the amount of carbon dioxide has increased due to emissions from power stations, vechicles and deforestation. This has lead to the enhanced greenhouse effect and climate change

191
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Atmosphere-Amount of Carbon

A

750 billion metric tones of carbon is in this store

192
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Terrestrial Plants-What?

A

Plants are vital for all life on Earth. They convert energy from the sun into carbohydrates that support life. Plants can store carbon for many years and transfer it to the soil. However, through deforestation, this carbon can be released back into the atmosphere very rapidly

193
Q

Stores of the Carbon Cycle-Terrestrial Plants-Amount of Carbon

A

650 billion tones of carbon is in this store

194
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle

A

There are many ways that carbon is transferred in the carbon cycle: -Photosynthesis -Respiration -Decomposition -Combustion -Burial and Compaction -Carbon Sequestion -Weathering

195
Q

Photosynthesis-What?

A

The process whereby plants use the light energy from the sun to produce carbohydrates in the form of glucose

196
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-Photosynthesis-Which Stores?

A

Photosynthesis transfers carbon stored in the atmosphere to biomass (plants)

197
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-Photosynthesis-Process

A

Plants and phytoplankton use energy from the sun to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This allows them to grow. Carbon is then passed through the food chain by respiration and decomposition

198
Q

Respiration-What?

A

A chemical process that happens in all cells, converting glucose into energy

199
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-Respiration-Which Stores?

A

Respiration transfers carbon from living organisms to the atmosphere

200
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-Respiration-Process

A

Plants and animals break down glucose for energy, releasing carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere

201
Q

Decomposition-What?

A

The process where carbon from the bodies of dead organisms are returned to the air as carbon dioxide

202
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-Decomposition-Which Stores?

A

Decomposition transfers carbon from dead biomass to the atmosphere and the soil

203
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-Decomposition-Process

A

After death, bacteria and fungi break organisms down, which releases carbon dioxide and methane, Some carbon is transferred to the soil in the form of humus

204
Q

Combustion-What?

A

The process where carbon is burned in the presence of oxygen and converted to energy, carbon dioxide and water

205
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle- Combustion -Which Stores?

A

Combustion transfers ccarbon stored in fossil f fuels and biomass to the atmosphere via burning

206
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-combustion -Process

A

The burning of fossil fuels or biomass releases carbon dioxide,which goes straight into the atmosphere

207
Q

Burial and Compaction -What?

A

When organic matter becomes buried and is then compressed by the overlaying sediment

208
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-Burial and Compaction -Which Stores?

A

Burial and Compaction transfers carbon from the ocean to fossil fuels. It can also be used by lifeforms,who convert convert it into calcium carbonate

209
Q

Carbon Sequestration -What?

A

Carbon Sequestration is a umbrella term used to describe the long term storage of carbon in plants,soils,rock formation and oceans

210
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-carbon sequestration-Which Stores?

A

Carbon Sequestration transfers carbon from the atmosphere to rocks,plants,soils and oceans

211
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-carbon sequestration -Process

A

Atmospheric carbon can be stored in rocks or as fossil fuels. These can be released if we burn them

212
Q

Weathering -What?

A

The breakdown of rocks by chemicals. This involves the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

213
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-weathering -Which Stores ?

A

Weathering transfers carbon from the atmosphere to rocks via rainwater

214
Q

Transfers of the Carbon Cycle-weathering -Process

A

Atmospheric carbon reacts with water vapour to form acid rain. When this rain falls onto rocks, it dissolves ot. This reaction leads to the creation of calcium carbonate, which sea creatures can make shells from

215
Q

Slow Carbon Cycle - What?

A

The carbon system that takes between 100-200 years to transfer the carbon to another store

216
Q

Fast Carbon Cycle-What?

A

The carbon system that takes a lifetime for the carbon to be transferred to another store. For example:the process of respiration

217
Q

Natural causes of change to the carbon cycle -Climate Change

A

The changing climate can alter the stores of the carbon cycle and their magnitude

218
Q

Effects of Cold Weather on the Carbon Cycle -Weathering

A

Chemical weathering processes would be more active as cold water holds more carbon dioxide

219
Q

Effects of Cold Weather on the Carbon Cycle -forest areas

A

Forest areas would be very different in both in total area and in location. This will effect photosynthesis and respiration

220
Q

Effects of Cold Weather on the Carbon Cycle -Decomposers

A

Decomposers would be less effective,so carbon transfers to soils would be reduced

221
Q

Effects of Cold Weather on the Carbon Cycle -Water

A

Less water in oceans,as it would be locked up in snow. Less sediment transfer in rivers,and less sediment build up on the ocean floor

222
Q

Effects of Cold Weather on the Carbon Cycle -soils

A

The soil would be frozen,which would stop transfers of carbon

223
Q

Effects of Warm Weather on the Carbon Cycle -Permafrost

A

The permafrost melts. This releases carbon and methane into the atmosphere, which leads to the enhanced greenhouse effect

224
Q

Effects of Volanic eruptions on the Carbon cycle

A

Eruptions add carbon to the atmosphere. Lava contains slicates,which slowly weathers. This converts carbon dioxide from the air to carbonate in solution, which absorbs very slowly to the atmosphere

225
Q

Human effects on the Carbon Cycle

A

There are many man made causes that create a change in the carbon cycle -Fossil fuel combustion -farming -Deforestation -Urbanisation

226
Q

Human effects on the Carbon Cycle-Fossil Fuel Combustion

A

Fossil fuels contains carbon that has been locked away for many years. When these are burned, water and Carbon dioxide is relaxed into the atmosphere, which increases the effects of global war

227
Q

Human effects on the Carbon Cycle-Farming

A

-Ploughing,harvesting,reading livestock and using machinery fuelled by fossil fuels all release carbon into the atmosphere -Livestock release methane, which has the same effects on the atmosphere as carbon does -Rice cultivation has caused a 40% increase in methane emissions, this figure is likely to increases as rice is such a vital foodsource to

228
Q

Human effects on the Carbon Cycle- Deforestation

A
  • Trees are a carbon sink -If they are deforested, carbon levels in the atmosphere increases, as the burning of trees produce carbon, and as the trees are not there, they cannot absorb the carbon, so it remains in the atmosphere
229
Q

Human effects on the Carbon Cycle-Urbanisation

A

-Trees are deforested -More combustion of fossil fuels -Cement production releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as a byproduct -This is a very local scale effect

230
Q

Carbon Budget -What?

A

The Carbon Budget uses data to describe the amount of carbon which is stored and transferred within the carbon cycle

231
Q

Amount of Carbon in the Atmosphere

A

There is 750 Pentagrams of carbon in the atmosphere

232
Q

Amount of Carbon in the Plants

A

There is 560 Pentagrams of carbon stored in plants

233
Q

Amount of Carbon in the soils

A

There is 1500 Pentagrams of carbon stored in soil

234
Q

Amount of Carbon in the fossil fuel

A

There is 4000 Pentagrams of carbon stored in Fossil fuels

235
Q

Amount of Carbon in the Oceans

A

There is 38,000 Pentagrams of carbon stored in the oceans

236
Q

Amount of Carbon in the Earth’s Crust

A

There is 100,000,000 Pentagrams of carbon stored in the Earths Crust

237
Q

Pentagrams -What?

A

A pentagram is 100,000,000,000,000 grams

238
Q

What transfers the greatest amount of carbon a year?

A

Photosynthesis transfers 120Pentagrams a year

239
Q

Human Transfers in the Carbon Cycle

A

-Burning Fossil fuels -Deforestation

240
Q

Physical Transfers in the Carbon Cycle

A

-Volcanic Eruptions -Photosynthesis -Soil Respiration -Rivers -Ocean Intake -Ocean Loss -Burial to Sediment -Litter Fall

241
Q

Impacts of the Carbon Cycle -Land

A

-Responsible for the formation and development of soil. Litterfall introduces important nutrients to the soil -carbon in the form of organic matter is essential for plant growth and the production of food -Carbon in grass provides fodder for animals -Provides importance source of energy in the form of wood and fossil fuels

242
Q

Impacts of the Carbon Cycle -Oceans

A

-Carbon can be converted into calcium carbonate to build shell’s for marine life -Can impact phytoplankton who consume carbon dioxide during photosynesis. They are an important food source for a lot of marine life

243
Q

Impacts of the Carbon Cycle -Atmosphere

A

-Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere helps to warm the Earth, through the greenhouse effect. Without this, there would be no life on Earth -Increases to carbon emissions has lead to the enhanced greenhouse effect, which has an effect on Earth’s climate -Carbon stored by vegetation has a significant effect on the atmosphere, weather they are a carbon source or a carbon sink

244
Q

Natural Greenhouse Effect-What?

A

The sunlight hits the Earth and is reflected by the planet. Some of it is trapped in the atmosphere, keeping the planet warm, but the majority of it goes back out to space

245
Q

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect-What?

A

The sunlight hits the Earth and is reflected by the planet. More carbon means that the atmosphere is ticker, so more sunlight is trapped to keep the planet warm. This warms up the Earth by 2 degrees

246
Q

Impacts of a Changing Carbon Budget-Precipitation Levels

A

Patterns of precipitation will change. Wet areas will become wetter, dry areas will become dryer. This will lead to flooding in some areas, droughts in the other, which can both have massive effects on the local population

247
Q

Impacts of a Changing Carbon Budget-Extreme Weather Events

A

Extreme weather events are expected to get more frequent. L.I.C’s will be affected more as they are not developed enough to be able to cope with the impacts of them, causing destruction to the country, which prevents it to develop

248
Q

Impacts of a Changing Carbon Budget-Agricultural Productivity

A

Agricultural productivity will decrease in some areas, which could lead to food shortages. This could lead to deaths or civil unrest

249
Q

Impacts of a Changing Carbon Budget-Sea Levels

A

Sea levels are expected to rise. This will cause coastal flooding and destruction of low lying areas

250
Q

Impacts of a Changing Carbon Budget-Animals

A

Some species will not be able to cope in the new climate, and so will be at risk of being extinct. Any animals will lose their habitats due to the rising sea level

251
Q

Impacts of a Changing Carbon Budget-Phytoplankton

A

Phytoplankton numbers may decline if temperatures increase, which will have knock on effects on marine food chains

252
Q

Responses to a Changing Carbon Budget

A

There are two main ways to respond to the changing carbon budget, AKA Climate Change -Mitigation -Adaption

253
Q

Adaptation-What?

A

To anticipate and diminish the effects of something, in this case, climate change

254
Q

Adaptation Strategies-Education

A

By educating people to reduce the amount of carbon they produce, they are more likely to do this. However, this response can be short term

255
Q

Adaptation Strategies-Changes in Agricultural System

A

-Moving production to another location -Increasing irrigation in areas -Changing the type of crop grown at that time of year

256
Q

Adaptation Strategies-Changes in Agricultural System Case Study-Potato Park, Peru

A

-12000 hectare reserve, used to preserve potato diversity -20 to 80 varieties of potato grown -As the temperature increases, they change the altitude in which the potato is grown at

257
Q

Adaptation Strategies-Water Supply

A

-Reducing water demand -Increase supply

258
Q

Adaptation Strategies-Sea levels

A

-Build barriers in urban areas to prevent flood damage

259
Q

Adaptation Strategies-Case Study-London

A

-London homes are offered a free retrofit package of water -Reverse osmosis of water from the River Thames increases the supply, but needs to be Desalinated -The Thames Barrier was built

260
Q

Adaptation Strategies-Changing House Design

A

-Houses on slits-Prevent flood damage -“Green Houses”-E.G: BEDZED -Urban Gardens -White coloured buildings-They absorb heat

261
Q

Mitigation-What?

A

Action taken to reduce or eliminate the long term risk to human life and property from natural hazards, such as making international agreements about carbon reduction targets

262
Q

Mitigation Techniques-Industry

A

-More environmentally friendly factories/power plants -Develop recyclable nuclear energy types -Energy efficient buildings -Carbon Capture -Use of electric vehicles -Retrofitting Buildings -Carbon capture and storage

263
Q

Mitigation Techniques-Land Use

A

-Afforestation -Deforestation

264
Q

Mitigation Techniques-International Agreements

A

-Technological Leap Frogging-Some countries go straight from biomass to renewable energy sources, skipping the use of fossil fuels -International Agreements such as the Paris Agreement or groups such as the I.P.C.C (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

265
Q

Mitigation Technique-Carbon Capture and Storage-Description

A

Uses technology to capture carbon dioxide emissions. The gas is them transported to a site where it is stored and prevented from entering the atmosphere. The carbon gas is compressed. It is then injected as a liquid into a suitable geographic reservoir

266
Q

Mitigation Technique-Carbon Capture and Storage-Examples

A

-The Mumorah Plant in New South Wales -Boundary Dam in Saskatchewan, Canada is the world first commercial carbon capture coal fired power plant

267
Q

Mitigation Techniques -Photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis can cause a reduction in the amount of carbon in the atmosphere

268
Q

Mitigation Techniques -Photosynthesiss -Case Study-Sri Lanka

A

Sri Lanka is the first country to protect its mangrove forests. This project will cost £2.2 million over 5 years,and protect over 21000 acres of mangrove forests

269
Q

Mitigation Techniques -Reducing Deforestation -Techniques

A

-Consumers are encouraged to buy wood from sustainability grown timber -Countries,Organisations and individuals make payments to offset their carbon emissions

270
Q

Mitigation Techniques -Reducing Deforestation -Case Study - Malaysia

A

In Malaysia, the selective management system is a sustainable approach to logging by felling selected trees and planting replacements

271
Q

Mitigation Techniques -Reducing Deforestation -Case Study -Brazil

A

-Landowners are required to preserve 80% of virgin rainforest -If they don’t,they are fined -Grants for building in deforested areas are banned -Farmers are encouraged to be more productive with the land they use -The government has created reserves in the Amazon

272
Q

International Agreements -The Paris Agreement

A

The Paris Argreement is the first universally legal global climate deal due to be enforced in 2020

273
Q

International Agreements -The Paris Agreement-Aims

A

-To limit the average global temperature to 1.5°C above pre industrial levels -Report to each other and the public the implications of the plans to reduce emissions -Strengthen the ability to adapt and be resilient in dealing with climate change -Provide adaptation support for developing countries -Developed nations will support the initiatives of developing nations

274
Q

Importance of Water in supporting life

A

-Drinking -Irrigation -Source of Power -Source of Protein

275
Q

Importance of Carbon in Supporting life

A

-Makes up 18% of the body, stored as glucose -50% of biomass -Needed for breathing,growing and reproduction -One of the 6 crucial elements -Needed for plant growth -Photosynthesis -Builts up in atmosphere, it allows life to be on this planet as it absorbs radiation from the Sun

276
Q

The Relationship between Water and Carbon in the Atmosphere-Carbon in Oceans

A

Carbon is released and absorbed in the ocean. The water then evaporates and condenses to form clouds

277
Q

The Relationship between Water and Carbon in the Atmosphere-Human causes emissions

A

Carbon dioxide is released from deforestation, industry, fossil fuel combustion etc. As well as from volcanic eruptions

278
Q

The Relationship between Water and Carbon in the Atmosphere-Rain Water

A

Carbon dioxide is dissolved in rain water to become Carbonic Acid, also known as Acid Rain

279
Q

The Relationship between Water and Carbon in the Atmosphere-Carbonation

A

Acid rain causes the carbonation weathering of limestone

280
Q

The Relationship between Water and Carbon in the Atmosphere-Carbon in Water

A

Carbon then flows into the river, then forms coral. When the coral dies, it forms a sediment in the oceans. This dissolves when the carbon is released from the ocean

281
Q

Water Cycle Feedback Loop-Also Known As

A

The Albedo Effect

282
Q

The Albedo Effect-What?

A

The reflection of the sun’s radiation by ice

283
Q

The Albedo Effect-Less Ice in sea

A

The melting ice means that less if the sun’s radiation is being reflected. This causes temperatures to rise, meaning more Ice melts

284
Q

The Albedo Effect-More Ice in sea

A

If there is more ice in the sea, more of the sun’s radiation is being reflected. This causes temperatures to decrease, meaning more ice forms

285
Q

Human Impacts on Ice Melting

A

-More trade in Arctic -Development of settlements in the Arctic -Resources of the Arctic are exploited

286
Q

Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop-Vegetation

A

The increase in temperature in the Arctic leads to vegetation growth

287
Q

Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop-Active Layer

A

The increase in vegetation causes the active layer to increase, meaning there is less permafrost

288
Q

Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop-Permafrost decays

A

The organic matter thaws and decays, releasing large amount of carbon in methane into the atmosphere

289
Q

Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop-Effect of Permafrost Decay

A

Temperatures increase, resulting in more vegetation grown in the arctic

290
Q

Water Cycle/Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop-Marine Phytoplankton releases chemical

A

Marine Phytoplankton release a chemical called Dimethysulphide (DMS)

291
Q

Water Cycle/Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop-Effect of DMS

A

DMS reaction with cloud condensation nuclei to form clouds

292
Q

Water Cycle/Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop-More Sunlight

A

More sunlight could lead to more productivity in Marine Phytoplankton, causing more DMS to be released, causing more clouds

293
Q

Water Cycle/Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop-Less Sunlight

A

The increased cloud cover means that there is less sunlight, meaning less DMS is released, meaning less clouds and more sunlight

294
Q

Water Cycle/Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop-What type of Feedback?

A

The Water Cycle/Carbon Cycle Feedback Loop is an example of negative feedback

295
Q

Case Study-Tropical Rainforest-What?

A

A tropical rainforest is a biome with a constant temperature and a high rainfall. The level of humidity and density of the vegetation gives the ecosystem a unique water and nutrience cycle

296
Q

Why does the Tropical Rainforest have its climate?

A

Tropical rainforests are located in the ITCZ. Air pressure is low, evapotranspiration occurs in large amounts, causing lots of rain. This gives the rainforest rich vegetation, the main carbon store

297
Q

Net Primary Productivity-What?

A

The amount of energy made available by plants to animals only at the herbivore level and is expressed as KG/Metres Squared/Year

298
Q

The Rainforest’s Net Primary Productivity

A

2500 KG/Metre Squared/Year

299
Q

The Tropical Rainforest’s Nutrient Cycle-Elements

A

There are three elements to this cycle: -Biomass -Litter Soil

300
Q

The Tropical Rainforest’s Nutrient Cycle-Elements-Biomass

A

-Large Carbon store -Trees -4 Different Rainforest Layers -Transfers Carbon to Litter store by falling leaves

301
Q

The Tropical Rainforest’s Nutrient Cycle-Elements-Litter

A

-Leaves on the ground -Small Carbon Store-Due to small amount of leaves on ground -Transfers Carbon to Soil store by decomposing leaves

302
Q

The Tropical Rainforest’s Nutrient Cycle-Elements-Soil

A

-Carbon is transferred rapidly due to the climate -Small Carbon Store

303
Q

The Tropical Rainforest’s Nutrient Cycle-Process

A

-Trees shed leaves all year round -Decaying vegetation decomposes rapidly -Nutrience enters the soil -Shallow roots take up nutrience -Trees grow rapidly -Trees shed leaves all year round

304
Q

The Tropical Rainforest’s Nutrient Cycle-Impact on Carbon

A

-The Tropical Rainforest’s Nutrient Cycle is part of the Fast Carbon Cycle -Its a carbon sink -The carbon is stored in the biosphere, not the atmosphere, this limited the effects of climate change

305
Q

The Tropical Rainforest’s Water Cycle-Process

A

-Heavy daily convectional rain -Trees intercept rain -Some rain reaches the ground -Trees take up the water -Water Evaporates -Heavy daily convectional rain

306
Q

The Tropical Rainforest’s Water Cycle-Impact on Water

A

-Some water evaporates when intercepted -Water is infiltrated into soil, which is either taken up by the plants, or becomes groundwater if the soil is saturated, resulting in overland flow into the rivers -Evapotranspiration occurs-This causes clouds, which creates rain -Water allows photosynesis-Allows more plants to grow -Trees control flooding

307
Q

Changes to the Tropical Rainforest-Cause

A

The main cause of change in the rainforest is deforestation, which removes the trees and vegetation of the rainforest

308
Q

Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest on the Water Cycle-Evapotranspiration

A

No trees causes no evapotranspiration, meaning water is not recycled

309
Q

Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest on the Water Cycle-Soils

A

Soil becomes compacted which leads to saturation of soil. This leads to increase runoff, which makes more water runoff into the river

310
Q

Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest on the Water Cycle-Photosynesis

A

As there is no plants, the water cannot be taken up by the plants. This causes disruption to transpiration and photosynesis

311
Q

Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest on the Water Cycle-Roots

A

With no trees, the routes cannot absorb the water. This increases runoff and erosion rate.

312
Q

Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest on the Water Cycle-No Trees

A

With no trees to stop it, rainwater moves quickly over the surface. It increases the risk of flooding

313
Q

Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest on the Carbon Cycle-Photosynesis

A

As there are less trees, less carbon is absorbed by photosynesis. This causes less carbon to be stored as biomass, which disrupts the ecosystem

314
Q

Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest on the Carbon Cycle-Carbon Source

A

The rainforest becomes a carbon source, rather than a carbon sink. This affects the atmosphere, increases the effects of global warming and climate change

315
Q

Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest on the Carbon Cycle-Deforestation

A

The burning of trees adds carbon to the atmosphere. This affects the atmosphere, increases the effects of global warming and climate change

316
Q
A

A Level Geography (7 decks)

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