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A Level Geography > Urban > Flashcards

Urban Flashcards

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1
Q

Urbanisation -What?

A

The increase in the proportion of the population living in the world’s cities

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2
Q

Urban Growth -What?

A

The increase in the total population of a town of city

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3
Q

Urban Expansion -What?

A

The increase in size of geographical footprint of a city

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4
Q

Urban Growth and Urbanisation -What’s the difference?

A

Urban Growth is a population increase, while urbanisation is a increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas

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5
Q

Reasons for Moving to the City

A

There are two factors that influence people to move to a city:

  • Push Factor
  • Pull Factor
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6
Q

Push Factor -What?

A

Factors that push people away from living in rural areas

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7
Q

Push Factor -Examples

A
  • Drought
  • Long Hours, No pay
  • No/Poor sanitation and services
  • High unemployment rate
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8
Q

Pull Factor -What?

A

Factors that pull people towards living in a city

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9
Q

Pull Factor -Examples

A
  • Employment Opportunities
  • Sanitation
  • Clean Water
  • Better Services
  • More Opportunities
  • Better Quality of Life
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10
Q

Why are Cities Important?

A
  • Economic Production -Banks
  • Exchange of Ideas and Critical Thinking -Universities
  • Social and Cultural Centres
  • Centres of Political Power and Decision Making
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11
Q

Where is Urbanisation occurring the most?

A

In the past, urbanisation only occurred in the HIC countries. Now, it is occurring more in NIC and LIC countries. This is because these countries are developing and more people are moving to the cities

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12
Q

Processes that Affect the Population of Cities

A

There are 4 processes that Affect the movement of people into and out of cities:

  • Urbanisation
  • Surbanisation
  • Counter Urbanisation
  • Urban Resurgence
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13
Q

Surbanisation -What?

A

The Decentralisation of people, employment and services towards the edges of an urban area

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14
Q

Counter Urbanisation -What?

A

Population movement from large areas to smaller urban areas and rural areas

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15
Q

Urban Resurgence -What?

A

Population movement from rural areas back to urban areas

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16
Q

Urban Resurgence -Case Study -Ubisoft,Montreal

A

Ubisoft decided to locate in an old textile factory in downtown Montreal. This moved its workers towards the City centre as they can easily reach Ubisoft, and be in reach of the cities leisure facilities

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17
Q

Megacity -What?

A

A city with over 10 million inhabitants

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18
Q

Megacities -1970’s

A

In the 1970’s, there were only 3 megacities in the world. New York City, Tokyo and Osaka.

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19
Q

Megacities-1975-2000

A

In this period, LIC and NEE countries had the biggest increase in megacities. This is because they were becoming more developed and industrialised

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20
Q

Megacities-2000-2015

A

In this period, LIC countries had the biggest increase in megacities. This is because of increasing industrialisation, urban migration and population increase

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21
Q

Why was New York City the first Megacity?

A
  • Trade -Has a port

- Migration- especially of Italian and Irish workers

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22
Q

Megacity Case Study -Dhaka-Reasons for Growth

A
  • 400,000 migrants to Dhaka a year

- Gets all the Investment

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23
Q

Megacity Case Study -Dhaka-Opportunities

A
  • “Better Life “
  • Jobs
  • Factories -TNC’s are attracted there
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24
Q

Megacity Case Study -Dhaka-Challenges

A
  • Traffic -Cost $2 Billion a year, and Creates Smog
  • Slums and Shanty Towns
  • Rubbish
  • Pollution
  • Sewage
  • Water Shortages
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25
Q

Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Natural Increase

A

More people are born then die. This leads to a population increase

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26
Q

Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Push Factors and Pull Factors

A

An increase in a person’s quality of life in the City, and reasons to leave a rural area can cause population increase, increasing the chances of creating a megacity

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27
Q

Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Capitals

A

Businesses and Industry are more likely to come into capital cities. This brings jobs, power and tourism

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28
Q

Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Ports and Trading Points

A

Cities become trade hubs, businesses and Industry enter. This brings jobs and migrants to the area

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29
Q

Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Colonial Influences

A

Influences of formal rulers. This brings good ties between countries, with the former ruler investing in the country so it develops

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30
Q

Why do Some Cities become Mega Cities?-Economic Reasons

A
  • Trade
  • Jobs
  • Industry
  • Investment from TNC
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31
Q

Mega City Case Study-Shenzhen,China

A

Shenzhen has a special enterprise zone. This zone is tariff free, so it encourages businesses into the area

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32
Q

World City-What?

A

An interconnected global economic centre that has significant influence on the world economy

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33
Q

Difference between Mega City and World City?

A

A mega city only need 10 million people to become a mega city. A world city is based on the cities influence on the economy

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34
Q

Alpha City-What?

A

The most Interconnected cities

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35
Q

Alpha City-Examples

A
  • New York City
  • Buenos Aires
  • London
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36
Q

Beta City-What?

A

The second most interconnected cities

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37
Q

Beta City-Examples

A
  • Paris
  • Tokyo
  • Sydney
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38
Q

Gamma City-What?

A

The third most interconnected cities in the world

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39
Q

Gamma City-Examples

A
  • Toronto
  • Madrid
  • Kuala Lumpur
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40
Q

World Cities and their important to the World’s Economy-Production

A

TNC’s decision making is made in World Cities, production of TNC goods are made in LIC countries

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41
Q

World Cities and their important to the World’s Economy-Business ,Transport, Trade

A
  • More Globalised World

- TNC’s locate in world cities and exploit the economic knock on effects

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42
Q

World Cities and their important to the World’s Economy-Politics

A
  • The Mayors of London (Khan) and New York City (de Blasio) promote their cities
  • Policies to support growth, addressing crime and improving education and infrastructure
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43
Q

World Cities and their important to the World’s Economy-Migration

A
  • World Cites attract the most wealthy and qualified people

- Take advantage of the globalised flows of information and communication

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44
Q

World Cities and their important to the World’s Economy-Infrastructure and Education

A
  • Pull the skilled and wealthy people to the city

- Creation of links between cities creates international and domestic trade

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45
Q

World City-Case Study-Shanghai-Migration and Natural Increase

A
  • Shanghai is experiencing a “Property Boom”
  • 4 million migrant labourers
  • More than 100,000 graduates per year from 60 Higher Education Institutes come to the city
  • Overseas workers and students also come to the city
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46
Q

World City-Case Study-Shanghai-Production

A
  • 20% of China’s manufacturing occurs in Shanghai
  • Line of production factories along the Yangtze River
  • Cities support the export orientated economy of Shanghai
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47
Q

World City-Case Study-Shanghai-Politics

A
  • Government is promoting Shanghai
  • 1984-Shanghai was an Open City, this lead to huge investment
  • 1990-Pudong New Zone was created-Turned an impoverished swampy farmland into China’s financial and commercial centre
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48
Q

World City-Case Study-Shanghai-Business and Trade

A
  • Hosted the 2010 world Expo
  • 95 billion dollars invested
  • Metro line built
  • More offices built-Top of the range style
  • 30% of China’s exports come from Shanghai
  • 25% of all foreign investment goes to Shanghai
  • More Shops and Restaurants
  • Export orientated city
  • Continued growth, other cites lose out
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49
Q

Growth of Bangalore Case Study-Causes

A
  • Investment of city
  • Software development firms
  • Call Centres- 1 million are employed there
  • Large IT companies are based in Bangalore
  • Every bank has offices in Bangalore
  • Many highly skilled graduates
  • 1st Indian City to get Electricity
  • 1980-Special Economic Zone set up-Investment into area
  • Temperate Climate
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50
Q

Growth of Bangalore Case Study-Social and Economic Impacts

A
  • Other areas of city are not invested in-Deprivation
  • Top of the range houses are for international C.E.O’s
  • Housing prices has increased
  • People are coming into contact with western culture-Creates conflict with traditional family
  • Rising Middle Class
  • Prices are Increasing-People are “Priced Out”
  • Water and Power Shortages
  • Women are “Westernised”-More freedom
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51
Q

Growth of Bangalore Case Study-Environmental Impacts

A
  • In 1924-100 Lakes were in Bangalore, in 1985, that figure has been halved
  • City has massively expanded
  • Lakes are filled in for development
  • Lakes are a dumping ground for waste
  • Only 17 health lakes are left
  • 80% of water comes from rivers and reservoirs
  • In the middle Class, you collect own water, and buy it from a tank
  • In poor end, no direct connect to water supply-1000 people to 1 tank of water
  • Habitat loss due to creation of reservoirs
  • Demand is higher than supply of water
  • 3 Million vehicles cause pollution and smog-Cheap Cars
  • Bad air Quality
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52
Q

Growth of Bangalore Case Study-Management Techniques

A
  • Low Taxes-Less money to spend
  • Companies provide transport to work for workers
  • Motorway built to reduce congestion and provide link
  • Public-Private Partnership
  • New Airport built
  • New Metro system built
  • Strict emission standards on all cars
  • Businesses are being decentralised
  • Getting highly skilled people in and moving call centres out of Bangalore
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53
Q

Urban Form-What?

A

The physical characteristics that make built up areas, including the shape, size, density and configuration of settlements. It can be considered on different scales. Regional, Urban Neighbourhood, Block and Street

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54
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Urban Sprawl

A

Urban expansion with insufficient urban infrastructure such as streets and parks

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55
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Peripheral Growth

A

Development of new growth poles and dispersed settlements

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56
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Edge Cities

A

Surrounded by retail, leisure, industrial and business parks, warehouses, offices and ring roads

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57
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-High Density Living and Intensification of Urban Centres

A

High rise apartment buildings

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58
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Residential Differences

A

Different groups live apart from each other, poorest live in inadequate buildings

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59
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Redevelopment and Conservation

A

Protection of historic cores, redevelopment of former industrial sites

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60
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Infrastructure

A

Ageing infrastructure likely to dominate with some areas poorly served

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61
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Transit Orientated Developments

A

Urban areas built around transport links

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62
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Can Dominate Urban Form

A

Low density housing on the edge of cities and in more rural locations, making edge city leisure more accessible

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63
Q

Contemporary Characteristics of Megacities-Environmental Problems

A

Increased pollution levels, health and waste concerns

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64
Q

Factors the Influence Urban Form over Time and Space-Physical

A
  • Physical Environment

- Space in the city-Can be spread out like in Los Angeles, or have to build up rather than out like in Manhattan

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65
Q

Factors the Influence Urban Form over Time and Space-Human

A
  • Population
  • Migration
  • Sewage system and Treatment
  • Economy of area
  • Technology
  • Governmental Policies
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66
Q

Urban Form-Case Study-Hong Kong

A
  • Public Transport Oriented City
  • Commercial and Residential areas close together
  • Many railway lines along main roads and near businesses
  • Green Spaces in suburbs
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67
Q

Urban Form-Case Study-Bath

A
  • Pre Industrial City
  • Historical Core-High Value land
  • Located by River Avon
  • Can’t expand East due to River
  • Newly built houses and estates built around historical core
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68
Q

Urban Form-Case Study-Nairobi

A
  • African City
  • CBD in Middle
  • Rapid urban growth
  • Can be unplanned and chaotic-Lack of resources
  • HQ’s of TNC’s
  • Older industrial areas near transport links
  • Newer Middle Class housing on fringe served by road network
  • Built in with the natural environment
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69
Q

Urban Form-Case Study-Prague

A
  • Socialist City
  • Similar Houses for everyone
  • Houses located near services-Walking encouraged
  • Plaza’s used for Rallies
  • Centre was a political centre rather than a commercial one
  • Micro Neighbourhoods with local services-All houses are Identical
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70
Q

Deindustrialisation-What?

A

The long term decline of industry leading to significant social and economic changes

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71
Q

Why does Deindustrialisation Occur?

A
  • Foreign products were cheaper in shops
  • Too expensive to make in UK
  • Reduced need for labour as Machines now do the job
  • Reduced Demand
  • Outsourcing
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72
Q

Deindustrialisation-Impacts-Economic

A
  • Job losses
  • Businesses close
  • Loss of tax income
  • Increase in the need for state benefits
  • Loss of income in service sector
  • Decline in property prices
  • Lead to Negative Multiplier Effect
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73
Q

Deindustrialisation-Impacts-Social

A
  • Increase in Unemployment
  • High levels of deprivation
  • Out migration of the skilled population
  • High crime rates
  • Loss of confidence and morale in local population
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74
Q

Deindustrialisation-Impacts-Environmental

A
  • Derelict land and buildings
  • Long term pollution
  • Deteriorating Infrastructure
  • Reduced maintenance of local houses-Causes by less taxes being paid
  • Reduction in noise, water and land pollution
  • Reduction of congestion on roads
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75
Q

Decentralisation-What?

A

Businesses moving to the suburbs and rural urban fringe of cities

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76
Q

Retail Parks-Positives

A 
\+Cheaper
\+More Space
\+Good Transport Links
\+Jobs are created
\+Convenient for those who live in suburbs
\+Congestion reduces in cities
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77
Q

Retail Parks-Negatives

A
  • Built on habitats
  • Loss of agricultural land
  • Land cost increases
  • City centres become run-down
  • Congestion moves to retail park area
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78
Q

The Service Economy-What?

A

The workers provide a service to someone. Examples : Teachers, Doctors, Fire-fighters, Electricians etc.

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79
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-Growth in Corporate HQ’s

A

TNC’s have their main offices in HIC’s and need staff to run them

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80
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-Rise in the Knowledge Economy

A

Businesses need supporting services such as financial and legal teams

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81
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-R&D

A

There is an increase in Research and Development

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82
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-Leisure Time

A

An increase in leisure time means more demand for leisure services

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83
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the Service Economy-Property Development and Redevelopment

A

Property development and the redevelopment of former industrial land needs services such as estate agents, architects, electricians etc.

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84
Q

Case Study-Cambridge Science Park-Kind of Businesses

A

The majority of companies located in the park are medicinal based

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85
Q

Case Study-Cambridge Science Park-Economical Reasons

A
  • Best graduates will work there

- Has good transport links to and from London via the M11

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86
Q

Case Study-Cambridge Science Park-Social Reasons

A
  • People become employed with well paid jobs

- Workers live nearby

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87
Q

Case Study-Los Angeles-Land Use

A
  • Grew out to the Gold Rush in the 19th Century
  • Middle class workers moved to escape the industrial cities of the East
  • Has Modern Urban Sprawl
  • Greater Los Angles consists of 88 cities
  • Largely made up of low density housing
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88
Q

Case Study-Los Angeles-Economic Inequality

A
  • “Donut City”
  • Downtown in dominated by TNC’s that offer few opportunities to the low skilled population
  • Many companies have moved to suburbs of L.A, or to edge cities like Anaheim
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89
Q

Case Study-Los Angeles-Cultural Diversity

A
  • Mexican Hispanics are the largest group
  • City has distinct ethic zones- Chinatown and Little Italy
  • African Americans dominate South Central and Watts Districts-They are deprived
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90
Q

Case Study-Mumbai-Land Use

A
  • Founded on 7 islands-Land was drained
  • Skyscrapers dominate the CBD
  • High tech industries have moved in to take advantage of the highly skilled population
  • Luxury area called Malabar Hills
  • Around half of the city live on the streets or in shanty towns such as Dharavi
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91
Q

Case Study-Mumbai-Economic Inequality

A
  • Large amount live in poverty
  • Growth in unsustainable
  • Lots of foreign investment
  • Low taxes and large informal economy does not provide the funds for the city to develop
  • 5 million have no access to clean water
  • Several thousand die a year from road and rail accidents
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92
Q

Case Study-Mumbai-Cultural Diversity

A
  • Mumbai receives 1000 new migrants a day
  • Several languages are spoken
  • Many faiths are practised in the city
  • Many festivals occur in the city
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93
Q

New Urban Landscapes-Town Centre Mixed Used Development

A
  • A blend of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional and industry which are physically and functionally interconnected
  • Can be easily accessed safely by pedestrians
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94
Q

New Urban Landscapes-Cultural and Heritage Quarters

A

A cultural quarter can encourage growth and revitalise the local economy in the arts and creative industries

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95
Q

New Urban Landscapes-Cultural and Heritage Quarters-Case Study-Cardiff Bay

A
  • The DR Who experience and the Welsh Assembly are located in Cardiff Bay
  • Completed in 1999 a 2km squared Freshwater Lake with 13 KM of waterfront stimulates new commercial, tourist and leisure developments
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96
Q

New Urban Landscapes-Fortress Development

A
  • A development with strong boundaries and increases the polarisation of society
  • Do not encourage social mixing as only wealthy group will tend to live in the same defended spaces
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97
Q

New Urban Landscapes-Fortress Development-Case Study-South Africa

A
  • Crime rate is high and people are anxious
  • Caused a growing number of middle class people to live in gated communities and to use privately armed security companies
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98
Q

New Urban Landscapes-Gentrified Area

A

-This is an area that has been gentrified

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99
Q

New Urban Landscapes-Gentrified Area-Case Study-Oxford

A
  • Oxford is one of the least affordable cities in the UK
  • Area has been gentrified, this increased the wealth gap
  • Oxford City Council has responded by investing in schemes that bring people together, like Community Centres
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100
Q

New Urban Landscapes-Edge Cities

A
  • Some Geographers believe that due to suburbanisation that the suburbs have become centres with city like quarters
  • “Edge Cities” are characterised by Mixed office, residential and leisure spaces and tend to be located in the outer suburbs bear to motorway or main road junctions
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101
Q

New Urban Landscapes-Edge Cities-Case Study-Bunkers Hill, Lincoln

A
  • Bunkers Hill is a mixed use site of modern development

- It has 500 estate houses, a numerous services that would typically be found in any town

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102
Q

Multiculturalism-What?

A

A society that recognises values and promotes the contributions of diverse cultural heritages

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103
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Economic-Positives

A

+Meet labour shortages in the services and manufacturing section
+Do jobs locals do not want to do

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104
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Economic-Negatives

A
  • Can cause resentment and racial intolerance during recession
  • Leakage of economy
  • Creates “Us” vs. “Them” mentality
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105
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Housing-Positives

A

+Multiple occupancy in poor areas-living and working together

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106
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Housing-Negatives

A
  • Illegal Squatting
  • Not successful in getting a mortgage
  • Live in poor areas
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107
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Education-Positives

A

+Ethnic minorities have higher aspirations than locals-Better results

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108
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Education-Negatives

A
  • Schools become dominated by one ethic group

- Additional English lessons/religious provision may be required

109
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Health-Positives

A

+Can work in health sector

110
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Health-Negatives

A

-Poor levels of healthcare on minority areas due to poor quality of environment

111
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Religion-Positives

A

+Society is enriched by new religions

+Understand new viewpoints

112
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Religion-Negatives

A
  • Friction-Migrant follow their own calendar

- Misunderstanding of religion can cause conflict

113
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Gender-Positives

A

+Women get more opportunities

114
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Gender-Negatives

A

-Women can be disadvantaged as their cultural norms are different to the ones of the host country

115
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Culture ,Food, Music and Sport-Positives

A

+Sport can bring people together and help integrate people

+Gain a knowledge of new foods

116
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Culture ,Food, Music and Sport-Negatives

A

-At risk of losing own culture

117
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Language-Positives

A

+Gain awareness of new languages

118
Q

Issues with Multiculturalism-Language-Negatives

A

-Act as a barrier to full integration-Prevents opportunities in life

119
Q

Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Ethnically Mixed City-Positives

A

+Separation of religious groups has decreased

120
Q

Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Ethnically Mixed City-Negatives

A

-Ethic minority groups has grown-Less natives in area

121
Q

Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Housing-Positives

A

+The Sudeh Lok Housing Group is a social housing provider that builds affordable new homes

122
Q

Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Housing-Negatives

A

-High density Victorian Housing and Post-War Council housing-Both in need in a redevelopment

123
Q

Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Education-Positives

A

+1 in 3 schools are faith schools

124
Q

Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Education-Negatives

A

-Faith schools can increase separation and radicalisation

125
Q

Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Language-Positives

A

+Gujarati, Punjabi and Urdu spoken as well as English

126
Q

Multiculturalism Case Study-Batley-Language-Negatives

A

-Challenge for local government as many different languages are spoken

127
Q

Urban Boundary Layer-What?

A

The edge of the Urban microclimate

128
Q

Urban Plume-What?

A

The microclimate moves into the rural area as well as the city

129
Q

Characteristics of Urban Microclimates

A

Urban Microclimates has distinctive:

  • Temperature Ranges
  • Precipitation generation and patterns
  • Relative Humidity
  • Wind speeds, Turbulences and Eddies
  • Reduced Visibility
130
Q

The Urban Climate Dome

A

The prevailing wind moves the hot air from the rural areas into the urban areas. This causes an urban plume to develop as well. Anything below the top of the buildings forms the Urban Canopy Levels, which is the hottest area. All of this occurs in the Urban Boundary Layer

131
Q

Urban Microclimate-Case Study-London Walkie Talkie Building

A
  • Due to a curved structure at the top, the building acted as a magnifying glass for the sun
  • It was curved to maximise rent
  • The reflected sunlight than burned a car[et, and damaged the plastic parts of a parked Jaguar (The Car Brand, not the animal)
132
Q

Urban Heat Island-What?

A

A significantly hotter urban area around a cooler rural area

133
Q

Urban Heat Island-Causes

A
  • Steel glass reflects heat
  • Re-Radiated Sunlight
  • Tarmac
  • Dark roof tops
  • Destruction of Trees
  • Absorbed heat is released at night
134
Q

Urban Heat Island-Impacts

A
  • Heat Stroke/Death
  • Less Evapotranspiration due to less vegetation
  • Heavier and more frequent thunderstorms
135
Q

Urban Heat Island-Solutions

A
  • White Roofs
  • Rooftop Gardens
  • No destruction of Trees
136
Q

Why does it rain more in Urban Areas?-The Urban Heat Island

A

The Urban Heat Island Causes Hot air to rise and water vapour to evaporate. The vapour condenses to form clouds with water droplets in them. This leads to rain

137
Q

Why does it rain more in Urban Areas?-Pollution

A

Air pollution causes more condensation nuclei, which is helpful for clouds to develop. This causes more rain

138
Q

Why does it rain more in Urban Areas?-Wind

A

Wind blows condensation nuclei upwards

139
Q

Fog in Urban Areas

A

This is a lot of fog in urban areas due to pollution. This is caused by the presence of condensation nuclei during cooler overnight temperatures. These can’t evaporate due to high pressure, so it remains in the city, causing fog

140
Q

Thunderstorms in Urban Areas

A

Hot, humid air can rise higher into the atmosphere, due to heat. The air cools and condenses rapidly, forming water droplets, hail and ice, which change the thunderclouds and discharges as lightning

141
Q

Wind in Urban Areas

A

Urban structures interfere with the wind. Buildings create friction which slows down the wind. Urban areas have slower wind speed

142
Q

Urban Canyons-What?

A

Relatively narrow streets bordered by high rise buildings funnelling and so concentrating winds

143
Q

Venturi Effect-What?

A

A particularly violent form of gusting caused in particular narrow gaps by rushing to replace low pressure vortices beyond structures

144
Q

Causes of Air Pollution in Cities

A
  • Factories
  • Cars (Particularly Heavy Vehicles)
  • Airports and Planes
  • Power Stations
  • Log Burners/Fires
145
Q

Problems caused by Air Pollution in Cities

A
  • Carbon Monoxide causes heart problems, headaches and tiredness
  • Enhances the Greenhouse Effect
  • Haze
  • Respiratory Problems
  • Acid Rain
146
Q

Smog-What?

A

A mixture of smoke and fog produced by factory and domestic emissions which provide hygroscopic nuclei for condensation to occur onto

147
Q

Smog-How it Forms

A

In the winter, cooler moist air is trapped under warm air. This air descends and settles on the floor, where it mixes with the pollution of the city, to form smog

148
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities

A

There are many ways to reduce pollution in cities:

  • Legislation
  • Vehicle Regulation
  • Technical Innovation
  • Public Transport
  • Homes
  • Energy
149
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Legislation-Description

A
  • Clean Air acts
  • Monitoring and Observing
  • Fining those who over-pollute
  • Effective warning systems
150
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Legislation-Advantages

A

-Reduces the health risks and their impacts

151
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Legislation-Disadvantages

A

-Not stopping pollution or providing a solution to the problem

152
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Vehicle Regulation-Description

A
  • Reducing the number of vehicles
  • Congestion Charge/Park and Ride Scheme
  • Pedestrianisation as seen in Zermatt in Switzerland
153
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Vehicle Regulation-Advantages

A
  • Reduces Carbon Dioxide Levels
  • Has long-term benefits
  • Methods are Effective
154
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Vehicle Regulation-Disadvantages

A
  • Moves cars to other places-Doesn’t stop the problem

- Logistical Problems for shops

155
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Technical Innovation-Description

A
  • Catalytic Convertors
  • Filters on Factories
  • “Plug in Hybrids” and Fully Electric Cars
156
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Technical Innovation-Advantages

A
  • Reduces Carbon Dioxide Levels

- Effective Methods

157
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Technical Innovation-Disadvantages

A
  • Partly reduces carbon dioxide levels-Hybrids are part fuel

- Factories might increase prices

158
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Public Transport-Description

A
  • Moves large number of people
  • No congestion on roads
  • Bike/Car Sharing/Walking Schemes are used
159
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Public Transport-Advantages

A
  • Less cars on road

- Reduces Carbon Dioxide Levels

160
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Public Transport-Disadvantages

A

-People cannot be 100% dependent on it

161
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Homes-Description

A
  • Zero Energy Homes
  • Solar Panels
  • Double Glazing
  • Runs on renewable energy
  • BEDZED
162
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Homes-Advantages

A
  • Uses renewable energy

- No pollution

163
Q

Ways to Reduce Pollution in Cities-Energy-Description

A
  • Renewable energy sources
  • Clean Sources of energy
  • Gas Filed Power Stations
164
Q

Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Causes

A

-5 million cars producing 900000 tons of emissions and 86% of all Carbon Monoxide in Beijing, 55% of all Nitrous Oxide and 30% of all small particles

165
Q

Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Impacts

A
  • Smog is created
  • Air quality is reduced
  • Contributes to climate change
  • Causes Respiratory Problems
  • Health Issues
166
Q

Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Methods to Tackle it-Cars

A
  • Cars that end in an odd number drive one day, even number the next day
  • Restricting vehicle use between 8:00pm and 7:00am-Not successful
  • Vehicle quotas
  • Licence plates and emissions are recorded and compared to the required level
167
Q

Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Methods to Tackle it-Green Energy

A
  • Promoting electric vehicles and producing cleaner fuel
  • “Green” Cars gave tax breaks with makes them more affordable
  • 18% of new car park spaces must be for electric cars
168
Q

Air Pollution-Case Study-Beijing-Methods to Tackle it-New Environmental Laws

A
  • New Law was introduces which can fine polluters
  • Encouragement of the building of clean energy power stations
  • Investment in Solar Power Plants
169
Q

Impacts of Urbanisation on the Drainage Basin

A
  • Urban rivers are primary the exit for water transferred through the drainage basin. Dredging, Embanking and Channelizing will increase storage capacity
  • Reservoirs, lakes and swimming pools are permanent stores of water
  • Inception is reduced-Vegetation is replaced with impermeable surfaces
  • Less soil storage as urban development reduces exposed surfaces and vegetation
170
Q

Vegetation, Surfaces and Runoff-Rural Areas

A
  • 10% runoff
  • 25% shallow infiltration
  • 25% Deep infiltration
  • 40% evapotranspiration
  • Not likely to flood
171
Q

Vegetation, Surfaces and Runoff-Suburban Areas

A
  • 35% to 50% impermeable surface causes:
  • 30% Runoff
  • 20% shallow infiltration
  • 15% deep infiltration
  • 35% evapotranspiration
  • Medium chance of flooding
172
Q

Vegetation, Surfaces and Runoff-Central Urban

A
  • 75% to 100% impermeable surface causes:
  • 55% Runoff
  • 10% Shallow infiltration
  • 5% deep infiltration
  • 30% evapotranspiration
  • High Chance of Flooding
173
Q

Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Aims

A
  • Showcase practical and innovative sustainable water management techniques within new residential developments
  • Demonstrate that SuDs are a viable and attractive to more traditional forms of drainage to deliver practical solutions for new housing areas
174
Q

SuDS-What?

A

SuDs stands for Sustainable Drainage Systems

175
Q

Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-What’s Used -Green Roofs

A

Reduces and treats runoff water

176
Q

Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Basin

A
  • In open spaces
  • Slows down runoff rate
  • Stored water on a short term basis during floods
177
Q

Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Permable Surfaces

A

Allows water to enter porous zones and filter out pollutants

178
Q

Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Pond

A

A final storage of water before being released into drainage ditch beyond the site

179
Q

Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Swale

A

Collect excess water from the site, slowing the flow of water and continuing the water treatment process

180
Q

Case Study-Lamb Drive, Cambourne, Cambridgeshire-Advantages

A 
\+Cost Effective
\+Improves Biodiversity
\+Improves Quality of Life
\+Swales and Basins have made a attractive landscape
\+Improves Quality of Water
\+Less heavy metals in Lamb Grove
181
Q

Drainage Management -Hard Engineering -River Straightening

A

Meanders are cut to create a straight channel

182
Q

Drainage Management -Hard Engineering -Natural Levees

A

These can be made higher and increasing capacity -Less flood risk

183
Q

Drainage Management -Hard Engineering -Flood Relief Channels

A

These emergency channels are controlled by gates and are used high flow levels increase the flood risk -Decrease flood risk

184
Q

Drainage Management -Hard Engineering -River Channelisation

A

Straighten channels are aligned with concrete -Prevents River banks collapse

185
Q

Drainage Management -Soft Engineering-Afforestation

A

Trees increase interception and reduce runoff into the rivers

186
Q

Drainage Management -Soft Engineering-Riverbank Conservation

A

Planting bushes and trees prevent riverbank collapse

187
Q

Drainage Management -Soft Engineering-Floodplain Zoneing

A

Restricts different land uses to certain locations along the floodplain

188
Q

Drainage Management -Soft Engineering-River Restoration

A

Returning the channel to its natural course

189
Q

SuDs-Techniques Used

A
  • Swales
  • Permeable road and pavement surfaces
  • Infiltration Trenches
  • Basins
  • Rain Gardens
  • Green Roofs
190
Q

SuDs-Benefits

A
  • Slows down speed of runoff
  • Reduces flood risk
  • Prevents water pollution
  • Recharges groundwater to prevents droughts
  • Provides habitats
  • Creates green spac
191
Q

River Restoration -Case Study -River Skerne -What did they do?

A
  • The water was polluted due to factories

- Softreventments used to create a wetland and restored the natural environment

192
Q

River Restoration -Case Study -River Skerne -Benefits

A

+Maintain drainage and managing flood risk
+Improves the areas appearance
+Encourages Investment to the area
+Provides Educational and leisure opportunities
+Maintain Biodiversity of area

193
Q

Types of Urban Waste -Domestic

A

Any waste from the home

194
Q

Types of Urban Waste -Municipal

A

Waste from municipal activities

195
Q

Types of Urban Waste -commercial

A

Waste from businesses

196
Q

Types of Urban Waste -institution

A

Waste from hospitals and schools

197
Q

Types of Urban Waste -bulky

A

White Goods

198
Q

Types of Urban Waste -Construction and Destruction

A

Earth,Stones,Debris

199
Q

Types of Urban Waste -other

A
  • Animal
  • vegetable
  • Ashes
  • Street Sweeping
  • industrial
200
Q

Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Biodegradable

A

Food and kitchen waste

201
Q

Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Recyclable

A

Materials like paper and cardboard

202
Q

Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Insert Waste

A

Construction and demolition debris

203
Q

Types of Municipal Solid Waste -electrical

A

Waste from electrical products

204
Q

Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Composite

A

Waste Clothing and Drinks Carton

205
Q

Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Hazardous

A

Paints and chemicals

206
Q

Types of Municipal Solid Waste -Toxic

A

Pesticides

207
Q

Types of Municipal Solid Waste -biomedical

A

Expired prescription drugs

208
Q

Issues with Urban Waste

A
  • Can become putrid
  • Requires specialist disposal
  • Can become a treat to health of not collected
  • Overfilled Landfill Sites
  • Many different types
209
Q

Waste Stream -What?

A

A complete flow of waste from domestic or industrial areas through to final disposal

210
Q

Issues associated with Waste Stream

A
  • Loss of recyclable resources
  • Loss of potential resources
  • Contamination of land and water bodies
  • Air Pollution
  • Risks to human health
211
Q

Global Waste Trade -Case Study -Gujyu -Statistics

A
  • 80% of E waste is exported to Asian countries

- E waste contains 6% lead-Very hazardous

212
Q

Global Waste Trade -Case Study -Gujyu -social issues

A
  • Respiratory problems
  • Water is brought in by others -Costs money
  • Low paid,dangerous jobs
213
Q

Global Waste Trade -Case Study -Gujyu -economical problems

A
  • Jobs are created-Very dangerous conditions

- Was a rice centred area-Loss of tradition

214
Q

Global Waste Trade -Case Study -Gujyu -Environmental problems

A
  • Water Pollution
  • Toxins released into atmosphere
  • Parts are left by the road-Land pollution
  • large amount of heavy metal in land and soil
  • Acid Spils -Polluted Water
215
Q

Landfills - Pros

A 
\+Makes good use of abandoned quarries
\+Easily managed
\+Methane Can be vented and used as fuel
\+Once filled -Can become recreational area
\+Cost effective
216
Q

Landfills -Cons

A
  • Attracts vermin
  • Becomes litter when wind blown
  • Produces methane
  • Smell is unpleasant
  • Traffic near site-Pollution
217
Q

Incineration -Pros

A 
\+Produces energy for burning MSW
\+Valuable resources created
\+Requires Less space than landfill site
\+Cosy Effective
\+Safe way to dipose waste
218
Q

Incineration -Cons

A
  • Some emissions need to be managed
  • Produces Carbon Dioxide
  • Not all MSW is combustible
219
Q

Recycling -Pros

A

+Doorstep collection
+All in one bin
+Organic waste becomes compost
+Less landfill sites

220
Q

Recycling -Cons

A
  • Expensive plants
  • Inconvenient separation of waste
  • electronic waste contains toxic chemicals-Increases pollution risk
221
Q

Green Capital -Bristol -Case Study -Plans

A
  • To reduce the amount of waste per household by 15%
  • To reduce the amount of MSW sent to landfills
  • Increasing waste recycling to 50%
222
Q

Green Capital -Bristol -Case Study-what they have done

A
  • Specialised Kerbside collection of recyclable waste
  • Recycling education in schools
  • Set targets for waste management
223
Q

Sources of Water Pollution

A
  • Domestic waste from homes
  • Effluent from industry
  • Lechates fron illegal dumping and poorly managed landfills
  • Rainwater Runoff
224
Q

Issues with Water Pollution

A
  • Health Risks
  • Effluent contains groundwater
  • Urban runoff contains heavy metals
  • Lechates are toxic
225
Q

Types of Water Collection-Surface Water Drainage

A

Collects runoff from roads and discharges it direct to local waters

226
Q

Types of Water Collection-Combined Sewage

A

Collects runoff from domestic, industrial and commercial premises

227
Q

Types of Water Collection-Foul Drainage

A

Collects domestic waste water from premises

228
Q

Stages of Sewage Treatment-Preliminary Treatment

A

Removed grit,gravel and screen large solids

229
Q

Stages of Sewage Treatment-Primary Treatment

A

Settles larger suspended,generally organic matter

230
Q

Stages of Sewage Treatment-Secondary Treatment

A

Biological breaking down and reduces residual organic matter under controlled conditions

231
Q

Stages of Sewage Treatment-Tertiary Treatment

A

Tailored to address specialisepollutants using different treatment processes

232
Q

Issues with chemicals dissolved in water

A
  • Nitrates causes eutrophication

- Ammonia Damages Freshwater Fisheries

233
Q

Effulent -What?

A

With pollutantsnts in i it

234
Q

Advantages of Using Brownfield Sites

A

+Easy to get planning permission
+Cheaper
+Stops Urban Expansion
+Close to CBD

235
Q

Disadvantages of using Brownfield Sites

A
  • Has to be renovated before using land
  • Less green spaces
  • limited choice
  • Expensive to buy
236
Q

Ecological Footprint -What?

A

An individuals impact on the Earth

237
Q

Zero Energy Building -What?

A

A building with 0 net energy consumption and 0 carbon emissions annually

238
Q

Carbon Neutral -What?

A

Lifestyle does not add to carbon levels

239
Q

Case Study -BEDZED -Social

A
  • Community Based

- People live and work together

240
Q

Case Study -BEDZED -environmental

A
  • Emissions cut by 56%
  • Water use reduced by 50%
  • Recycling scheme
241
Q

Case Study -BEDZED -economical

A
  • Jobs
  • Money Saved
  • Cheap Homes
242
Q

Case Study -BEDZED -reducing Carbon Dioxide

A
  • Electric Car Share
  • Energy Efficentt appliances
  • Thick WallsWalls
  • South Facing Conservatory-natural light
  • Public Transport Links Links
  • Wind powered Air conditioning
  • Solar Pannels
243
Q

Case Study -BEDZED -reducing Water

A
  • Water absorbing material on roofs
  • reuse water
  • Low flush toilets
  • Waterer meter at eye level
244
Q

Case Study -BEDZED -good Community

A
  • Eat together
  • Everyone works together
  • Shared resources
245
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -Acessable Resources

A 
-Museum
\+Transport Links
-University
-Residents only spend 10% on transport fares
-Kids paint in mall
246
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -public transport as a alternative

A
  • Quick and Cheap
  • Bus only lanes
  • Color coded system
  • Integrated transport system
247
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -public transport is safe and reliable

A

1 fee for all journey, even if changing bus

  • 4000 passengers a day
  • Diartiulated buses
  • no congestion due to bus only lanes
  • Tube bus stops, pay before you get on bus
248
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -safe walking

A
  • Mall is pedestrian friendly

- Encourages families

249
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -Green Spaces

A
  • Lots of green space
  • Factories became sport facilities
  • River banks become parks
250
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -renewable resources

A

-Recycling plant made of recyclable resources

251
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -Recycling

A
  • First city in the world to do city wide recycling

- 2/3 of all garbage is recycled

252
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -affordable housing

A
  • Low income housing
  • Slim like areas
  • “Pre Favelas “
  • Skyscrapers develops pay for affordable housing
253
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -Community Links

A
  • Immigrants and disabled work in recycling plant

- The Green Exchange -Residents exchange recyclable goods for food

254
Q

Case Study -Curitiba -Investment of CBD

A

-Mall was pedestrianised in 72 hours -Army used tanks to block the area

255
Q

Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Physical Features

A
  • Rainforests
  • Beaches
  • Climate
  • Mountains
  • Largest City in Brazil
256
Q

Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Human Features

A
  • Favelas
  • Christ the Redeemer
  • 16 million people
  • carnival
  • Maracaña stadium
257
Q

Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Housing,Health and Services-Problems

A
  • 100,000 migrants arrive per year -Lack of housing
  • 1/3 have no access to sewers and electricity
  • diseases
  • High Infant Mortality
  • Life expectancy is around 50
  • Sewage in Streets
258
Q

Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Housing,Health and Services-Solutions

A
  • The Favela Bairro Project-Integrated 250,000 residents into 140 neighbourhoods
  • Houses in Rocinha provided with basic sanitation
  • secured hillside -Prevents Landslides
  • Health education
  • Paved and formally named roads
259
Q

Case Study -Rio De Janiero-unemployment and Crime-Problems

A
  • 20% unemployment
  • Black market is dominant
  • Poorest 50% earn 13% of Rio’s income
  • Corruption
  • Favelas are controlled by gangs
260
Q

Case Study -Rio De Janiero-unemployment and Crime-solutions

A
  • Police in Favelas -Reduces crime
  • Took out Kingpins
  • Heavily Fortified Tanks
  • Encourages traditional industries
261
Q

Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Congestion and pollution -Problems

A
  • 4 million cars on roads a day
  • Raw sweage
  • Industrial Effluent
  • Oil and Landfill lechates in Guanabara Bay
262
Q

Case Study -Rio De Janiero-Congestion and pollution -solutions

A
  • Cable Car network
  • Ethanol Petrol blend of fuel
  • Highway built -Reduces congestion
  • Metro System extended
  • Tighter Environmental restrictions
263
Q

Case Study -Olympic Park,London -Social Challenges

A

-Many school dropouts
-Young and diverse area
-High proportion of single parents
-Overcrowded houses
-Lack of houses
41% are under 24 Years old
-Lack of affordable housing
-Low life expectancy

264
Q

Case Study -Olympic Park,London -economical Challenges

A
  • Lack of jobs
  • High unemployment
  • 2nd poorest brough in London
  • Businesses closed
  • Relocation
  • Jobs for skilled workers in IT industry
265
Q

Case Study -Olympic Park,London -environmental challenges

A
  • Contaminated brownfield sites

- Illegal Dumping of Toxic waste

266
Q

Case Study -Olympic Park,London -what was built

A
  • Olympic Park
  • Shopping centre
  • Media Centre
  • Aquatic Centre
  • BMX Park
  • Eurostar Station -Connects to Europe
  • Media Centre -Became office space
  • Olympic Village -Some become affordable housing
267
Q

Case Study -Olympic Park,London -Social Improvements

A
  • Quality of Life improved
  • New construction college near Olympic Site
  • Clays Lane was demolished to build Olympic Village -Forced relocation of locals, some in other areas
268
Q

Case Study -Olympic Park,London-Economic Improvements

A
  • Businesses had to relocate -Given financial help
  • Increase of jobs
  • price of land increased
  • Jobs for the next generation-not locals
  • 380 companies had to relocate
  • Jobs for the future, not now
269
Q

Case Study -Olympic Park,London environmental improvements

A
  • Regenerated brownfield sites
  • More green space
  • Electricity pylons tourn down
  • Wildlife was moved before regeneration
  • Toxic soil was cleaned and returned to sitesite
  • 95% renewable materials used
  • 4000 trees planted
  • Waterside park created
  • 3000tonnes of rubbish cleared up

A Level Geography (7 decks)

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