water Flashcards
SDG goals
for clean, safe and abundant water and sanitation
what is the hydrosphere
content of earths water on planet mainly found in the ocean (96%) and glaciers
fresh water vs saltwater
fresh water: mainly in glaciers, important for economy, food, agriculture, health, etc.
salt water: high salt content i.e. ion/chlorine/sodium etc
human activity effect on waterr
pollution (fertilizers)
acid rain (nitrogen oxides and calcium chloride)
eutrophication (oxygen depletion by phosphate excess)
list some inequalities surrounding water
- withdrawal: agricultural increase in developing countries/biofuel production has an unequal shortage and distribution
- scarcity of food production (meat responsible for 53%)
- land: lakes (chad/dead sea/aral sea) are drying up which is causing forced displacement, economing damage and declines in tourism
possible solution to water shortage?
water desalination
types of water desalination
- natural desalination (per evaporation/condensation/precipitation/collection)
- distillation
- membrane processes
- rain water collection
- water purification
explain distillation
separates water from salt by reaching the boiling point of the pure solvent
uses solar energy and greenhouse plants in thermal/desert industrial settings
issues: high costs for low production and needs high investment in renewables in order to be sustainable
explain membrane processes
reverse osmosis and electrodyalysis to separate ions from water
explain how rain water could be collected
low costs
good for year storage for irrigation/drinking water
how can water be purified
special straws used in remote areas that are composed of charcoal, iodine chrystals and membrane filters to get rid of bad tastes, pathogenic microrganisms, etc.
3 types of water salinity?
- soft: in rivers and lakes
- brackish: in lagoons and marshes
- salty: sea water
what is water hardness
determined by the magnesium and calcium presence
hard water can’t be used for domestic purposes as it breaks down pipes, electrical devices, and it produces limestone
3 types of water hardness?
- temporary (bicabornates of Ca/Mg where salts decompose at 70/80 .C into harmful carbonates)
- permanent: calcium and magnesium salts dont change in hot water
- total: sum of temporary/permanent
define drinking water
portable water that is safe to drink and use for food preparation
properties of drinking water
clear, odourless, colourless and with a pleasant taste
defined chemical characteristics
bacteriologically pure
how is drinking water quality assessed
NOEL= no observed effect level
ADI= acceptable daily intake
what is the process of obtaining drinking water
how surface/ground water is treated to confirm to quality criteria for human consumption
what are the 3 ways Italian law classified drinking water extraction
- simple physical treatment (filtration/disinfection)
- intermediate level (combo of phys and chemical disinfection)
- complex: hard physiochemical treatment/refinement
what are underground water pollutants
NATURAL: iron, manganese, hydrogen, arsenic, chlorides
ANTHROPOIC; nitrates, pesticides, herbicides, benzene
what are surface-level pollutants
NATURAL: organic, the turbidity of algae
ANTHROPIC: pesticides, detergents, metals, and plastic
effect of nitrates in water
pollutant from inorganic fertilizers can cause baby blue syndrome whereby blood can’t carry oxygen as nitrogen reacts with oxyhaemoglobin
what 7 steps are there in water management
physical pre-treatments prechlorination powdered activated charcoal sand filtration ozonization final chlorination with chlorine dioxide tank storage
explain pre-treatment of water
- removal using grids of coarse solids
- sedimentation whereby gravity separates deposits
- filtration using sand filters
how does pre-chlorination of water work
chemical process to inhibit algae/bacterial growth by adding chlorine/bleach/cloride dioxide
also involves disinfection by ozone, uv radiation, etc.
what is PAC
powdered activated charcoal (PAC) treatment: breaks down turibidy of water and absorbs organic compounds
flocculation then removes activated carbon
how does ozonization work
PEROXON is used as ozone is a reactive gas that disinfects water
list some ways hotels could conserve their water
wash on request towels/linen policy install dispensers with low flow reduce toilet flush built reservors for irrigation recycle wastewater/rain water calulcate consumption and train staff
why is water important
= for life! makes up 45-75% of body weight regulates body temperature transports nutrients and blood eliminates toxins lubration purposes metabolism
mineral vs ordinary water
mineral water originates from acquifers/rservors with hygienic and health properies as they are reinforced with special minerals and limited pollutant risk
mineral water packaging process
- bacteriological examination
- chemical/physical examination
- brand, water content classificaiton, authoriziation to sell, bottle date, bar code (batch number and date of minimum durability)
what labels are on still water
pH
electrical conductivity
hardness
composition of salts
what are the parameters of mineral water
slightly mineralized
oligomineral
medium mineral
full mineral
what are other classifications of water typologies
- dissolved substances (salted, sulfur, sulphate, acids, etc.)
- water tempterature at source (cold, hypothermal, thermal, hyperthermal)
list some luxury waters
smart water
iceberg water
black water
–> oftend BOTTLED AND POTABLE with high plastic pollution :(
