water

Question 1

SDG goals

Answer 1

for clean, safe and abundant water and sanitation

Question 2

what is the hydrosphere

Answer 2

content of earths water on planet mainly found in the ocean (96%) and glaciers

Question 3

fresh water vs saltwater

Answer 3

fresh water: mainly in glaciers, important for economy, food, agriculture, health, etc.

salt water: high salt content i.e. ion/chlorine/sodium etc

Question 4

human activity effect on waterr

Answer 4

pollution (fertilizers)

acid rain (nitrogen oxides and calcium chloride)

eutrophication (oxygen depletion by phosphate excess)

Question 5

list some inequalities surrounding water

Answer 5

1. withdrawal: agricultural increase in developing countries/biofuel production has an unequal shortage and distribution
2. scarcity of food production (meat responsible for 53%)
3. land: lakes (chad/dead sea/aral sea) are drying up which is causing forced displacement, economing damage and declines in tourism

Question 6

possible solution to water shortage?

Answer 6

water desalination

Question 7

types of water desalination

Answer 7

1. natural desalination (per evaporation/condensation/precipitation/collection)
2. distillation
3. membrane processes
4. rain water collection
5. water purification

Question 8

explain distillation

Answer 8

separates water from salt by reaching the boiling point of the pure solvent

uses solar energy and greenhouse plants in thermal/desert industrial settings

issues: high costs for low production and needs high investment in renewables in order to be sustainable

Question 9

explain membrane processes

Answer 9

reverse osmosis and electrodyalysis to separate ions from water

Question 10

explain how rain water could be collected

Answer 10

low costs

good for year storage for irrigation/drinking water

Question 11

how can water be purified

Answer 11

special straws used in remote areas that are composed of charcoal, iodine chrystals and membrane filters to get rid of bad tastes, pathogenic microrganisms, etc.

Question 12

3 types of water salinity?

Answer 12

1. soft: in rivers and lakes
2. brackish: in lagoons and marshes
3. salty: sea water

Question 13

what is water hardness

Answer 13

determined by the magnesium and calcium presence

hard water can’t be used for domestic purposes as it breaks down pipes, electrical devices, and it produces limestone

Question 14

3 types of water hardness?

Answer 14

1. temporary (bicabornates of Ca/Mg where salts decompose at 70/80 .C into harmful carbonates)
2. permanent: calcium and magnesium salts dont change in hot water
3. total: sum of temporary/permanent

Question 15

define drinking water

Answer 15

portable water that is safe to drink and use for food preparation

Question 16

properties of drinking water

Answer 16

clear, odourless, colourless and with a pleasant taste

defined chemical characteristics

bacteriologically pure

Question 17

how is drinking water quality assessed

Answer 17

NOEL= no observed effect level

ADI= acceptable daily intake

Question 18

what is the process of obtaining drinking water

Answer 18

how surface/ground water is treated to confirm to quality criteria for human consumption

Question 19

what are the 3 ways Italian law classified drinking water extraction

Answer 19

1. simple physical treatment (filtration/disinfection)
2. intermediate level (combo of phys and chemical disinfection)
3. complex: hard physiochemical treatment/refinement

Question 20

what are underground water pollutants

Answer 20

NATURAL: iron, manganese, hydrogen, arsenic, chlorides

ANTHROPOIC; nitrates, pesticides, herbicides, benzene

Question 21

what are surface-level pollutants

Answer 21

NATURAL: organic, the turbidity of algae

ANTHROPIC: pesticides, detergents, metals, and plastic

Question 22

effect of nitrates in water

Answer 22

pollutant from inorganic fertilizers can cause baby blue syndrome whereby blood can’t carry oxygen as nitrogen reacts with oxyhaemoglobin

Question 23

what 7 steps are there in water management

Answer 23

physical pre-treatments
prechlorination 
powdered activated charcoal
sand filtration
ozonization 
final chlorination with chlorine dioxide 
tank storage

Question 24

explain pre-treatment of water

Answer 24

1. removal using grids of coarse solids
2. sedimentation whereby gravity separates deposits
3. filtration using sand filters

Question 25

how does pre-chlorination of water work

Answer 25

chemical process to inhibit algae/bacterial growth by adding chlorine/bleach/cloride dioxide

also involves disinfection by ozone, uv radiation, etc.

Question 26

what is PAC

Answer 26

powdered activated charcoal (PAC) treatment: breaks down turibidy of water and absorbs organic compounds

flocculation then removes activated carbon

Question 27

how does ozonization work

Answer 27

PEROXON is used as ozone is a reactive gas that disinfects water

Question 28

list some ways hotels could conserve their water

Answer 28

wash on request towels/linen policy
install dispensers with low flow 
reduce toilet flush 
built reservors for irrigation 
recycle wastewater/rain water 
calulcate consumption and train staff

Question 29

why is water important

Answer 29

= for life! makes up 45-75% of body weight
regulates body temperature
transports nutrients and blood
eliminates toxins
lubration purposes
metabolism

Question 30

mineral vs ordinary water

Answer 30

mineral water originates from acquifers/rservors with hygienic and health properies as they are reinforced with special minerals and limited pollutant risk

Question 31

mineral water packaging process

Answer 31

1. bacteriological examination
2. chemical/physical examination
3. brand, water content classificaiton, authoriziation to sell, bottle date, bar code (batch number and date of minimum durability)

Question 32

what labels are on still water

Answer 32

pH
electrical conductivity
hardness
composition of salts

Question 33

what are the parameters of mineral water

Answer 33

slightly mineralized
oligomineral
medium mineral
full mineral

Question 34

what are other classifications of water typologies

Answer 34

1. dissolved substances (salted, sulfur, sulphate, acids, etc.)
2. water tempterature at source (cold, hypothermal, thermal, hyperthermal)

Question 35

list some luxury waters

Answer 35

smart water
iceberg water
black water
–> oftend BOTTLED AND POTABLE with high plastic pollution :(