Water

Question 1

H2O

Answer 1

The two hydrogens are covalently bonded the oxygen (polar covalent bonds)The properties of water arise from attractions between oppositely charged atoms of different water molecules- the partially positive hydrogen of one molecule attracts the partially negative oxygen of a nearby molecule Has hydrogen bond- intermolecular forces When water is in its liquid state, the hydrogen bonds are very fragile

Question 2

How are hydrogen bonds formed

Answer 2

A hydrogen bond is the electromagnetic attraction created between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and another nearby electronegative atom

Question 3

Cohesion of water molecule

Answer 3

Water molecules stay close to one another as a result of hydrogen bonding Liquid water is constantly changing, with their molecules being rearranged- these linkages (hydrogen bonding) make water more structured than most other liquids, with the hydrogen bonds collectively holding the substance together and this is known as cohesionthis result is high surface tension things such as spiders take advantage of this, allowing it to walk across a pondcohesion also contributes towards the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants, with the water being transported from the roots to the leaves via a network of water-conducting cells

Question 4

Adhesion

Answer 4

As water evaporates from a lead, the hydrogen bonds causes water molecules leaving the veins to pull on molecules farther downAdhesion: the clinging of one substance to another Adhesion of water by hydrogen bonds to the molecules of the cell walls (of the plant) help counteract the pull of gravity

Question 5

Kinetic Energy

Answer 5

The faster a molecule moves the greater the kinetic energy The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules is known as thermal energy

Question 6

-Floating of Ice on Liquid water

Answer 6

Water is one of the few substances that is less dense in its solid state than in it liquid phase because as water freezes it expands rather than becoming denser- hydrogen bondingAt o degrees Celsius the water molecules become locked into a crystalline lattice structure, with the hydrogen bonds keeping the molecules at arms-length, therefore it being 10% less dense
The ability of ice to float due to its lower density is an important factor in the suitability of the environment for life
Ice which stays at the top portion of a body of water acts as a barrier between the external low temperatures and the deeper water body, preventing the entire body of water from freezing and killing/destroying the life in the body of water.
ice also provides a solid habitat for other animals such as polar bears allowing them to travel across these vast bodies of water that have now been frozen.
Greenhouse gases and other gases such as CO2 contribute to global warming, causing Arctic temperatures to rise, resulting in the ice forming later in the year, and smaller areas and melting quicker greatly affecting the life that depends on it.