water Flashcards
how is earth water distributed
unevenly acorss the globe. the majority is stored in the ocean and smaller qualities ar stored in lake, drivers, glaciers and ground water
how much of earths water is fresh, how is it distirbuted
!% of all water is fresh
65% is in glaciers
30% is in ground water and 5% is in lakes an rivers (which humans rely on the most)
how much fresh water does CAN hold
20% of all fresh water, but only occupies 7% of total; land mass
what is a reservoir
a temporary storage unit for water
water may enter via flow or precipitation and exit via evap or flow
ex are lake, rivers, atmos, oceans
what is turnover time
the duration of time for the entire volume of water in a reservoir to be renewed.
this time will vary from res to res depending on the depth and climate
what are the defining factors of aquatic environ?
light
temp
water movment
chem factors like O2 conc and salinity
how to aquaitic org get O2
via gills (ost effecitent organ)
how are marine mammals adapted to their environ
they tend to have high conc of hemoglobin to store large amounts of O2. they may also have the ability to reduce blood flow to certain regions of the body.
how are plant adapted to their environ
some plants may require the transport of O2 to their roots.
how does water flow in osmosis
water will flow from a low solute conc to a high solute conc to attempt to reach equilibrium. This may pose as a challenge for some aquatic animals living in salt water environ
what are the 5 major oceans
artic
Atlantic
Indian
pacific
southern
what are gyres
the movnemnt of ocena surafce water via prevailing winds
this movement is able to transport O2, heat and organisms
how does ocean water circulate in the northern hemi vs southern hemi
north= clock wise
south= counter clock
what are the 3 horizontai; zones of the ocean
intertidal
Neritic
Oceanic
what is the intertial zone
thr showlow shoreline. commonly impavted by waves and tides
is the Neritic zone
the regions from the coast to the margin of the continental shelf
What is the oceanic zone
any area beyond the Neritic Zone
what are pelagic habitats
any aquitic habitiat that is off the bottom of the ocean floor
what is benthic habitats
any habitat that exists on the ocean floor
what are the 5 vertical zones of the ocean
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssal
Hadal
what is the epipelagic zone
surface-200m
what is the Mesopelagic zone
200m-1000m
what is the Bathypelagic zone
1000m-4000m
what is the abyssal zone
4000m-6000m
what is the hadal zone
6000m-floor
what is the photic zone
generally in the upper 10m of the ocean where light is able to penetrate, these warmer waters support autotrophs which whenerate 25% of the earths primary productivity
what is the thermocline
a layer of water which rapidly changes temp with increasing depth
thermal stratification
the layering of water due to the differences in temp
cold water is denser than warm water
though, once greater depths are reached, the variations in the temp declines
what is salinity
the concentration of salt on a body of water
generally between 34-36 g per 1 kg of h2o
what are estuaries
the transition state between fresh and salt water
where is oxygen most available in the ocean
at the surface
why may oxygen availability be reduced in near-shore environ
high amounts of decomposing orgainc matter may cause for a increase consumption of O2 in the water
what is a wetted channle
the with messurament
the area of a river that is always saturated or occupied by water
what is the acitve channle
are area of the river that is occupied by water once a year around flooding season
at is a riparian zone
the area beside a river that has vegetation with established root systems
the transition zone between the river and terrestrial areas
what is a riffle
the area od a river that is shallow and generally faster flowing
hat is a run
the intermenidate segment of a river which connects riffles and pools
what is a pool
the area of a river that is deeper and slower flowing water
where are most orgns found living in the river
the benthic zone
where are O2 lvls the highest in river systems
at the headwaters
these areas are generally closer too as many rivers are sourced from glaciers
what is the river continuum concept
a model that predicts the changes in physical structure, dominant orgs and ecosystem processes in temperate rivers
which orgs are dominant in head waters
shredder and collectors along with fish that need high O2 lvl and can tolerate colder temps
generally these orgs will feel on CPM
which orgs are dominant in medium streams
collectors and razers along with fish who and tolerat higher temos and lower o2
these orgs feed on FPM
which orgs are dominant in larger rivers
collectors mostly along wth autotrophs. along woht fish that tolerate very O2 lvl concentrations and warm temps
note that microbes are a prodominat in all regions of a river.
how much fresh water do our great lakes contain
20% of global fresh surface water
what are the vertical zones of a lake
epilimnion
metalimnion
hypolimnion
epilimnion
the upper most section of a like where sun light is able to penetrate. this zone. is warmer
metalimnion
the middle section of a lake. in the zone, temp and chemical factors rapidly change in increasing depth.
hypolimnion
the lowest zine of. a lake and is dark and cold and lacks oxygen
what are the 2 lateral zones of a lake, which is where
the littoral zone is close to the shoreline and the limnetic zone is beyond the shoreline
what are the three tyes of lakes based on their rate of primary production
eutrophic
distrophic
oligotrophic
eutrophic
lakes with a high nut content and high biol production(low oxygen)
these lakes tend to be shallower and warmer, able to the favour catfish and more aquatic veg.
high quantities of benthic organisms
distrophic
brown and acidic water that had low productivity and low oxygen
oligotrophic
lakes with low nut content (like P and N which are needed to support phytoplankton) but a lot. of oxygen. over this had low primary production
these lakes tend to be larger (depth) and cooler, more suitable to fish like trout
lower amount of bethnic orgns
what kind of mixing is ecologically important in lakes
wind-driven. note that during the summer as the lakes become more stratified, the thermocline gradient limits the mixing to the upper layer(s)
winter= ice formation preventing mixing
how do lake water mix in the fall and spring
in these seasons the lake temp is fairly uniform, so the lake water is able to mix uniformly too. This allows for an even distribution of oxygen through the lake
what are the 2 forms of wetlands
peat and not peat
what is peat and what are the 2 kinds
peat is partially decomposed org matter that builds up in poorly trained habitats
there is bogs and fens
what are the features of peat lands
well devloped moss and sedges
slow growth and decomp via low ph, colder temps and low oxygen
commonly found in boreal forests and trundra
bogs
found in depressions where the only source of water is precipitation.
always acidic (less than 4.5 pH)
fens
and area that gains water from ground water or other surface water sources
what are tidial salt marshes
coatsal wetlands that are wash with salt water.
they are generally part of estuaries
overall they act as. protection barrier to wave action, erosion and flooding
Minamata disease
a neurological disease caused by mercury poisoning
what is eutrophication
uncontrolable ageal blooms source from the excessive dumping of fertilizers into water systems
this creates oxygen-depleted dead zones from decaying organic matter
what are some challenges our water systems are facing
fertilizer run off
overexploitation/ fishing
Ocean acidification from inc CO2 lvl
