lab Flashcards
what are key features anout beetles
4 wings, of which the 2 outer most wings are sclerotized (hardened)
what are key features of true bugs
4 wings, of which the 2 outer most wings are protected in a leathery coating
what are key features of butterflies/ moths
4 wings total. 1 pair to be larger than the other
what are key features of flies
2 transparent wings
bees waps and ants
4 tranparent wings
what is nectar
a sugar-rich substance that pollinators feed on. this is energy lower in the flower, an adaptation to increase pollen dispersal
what is pollen
the male gamtetophyte prodece by plants. it is rich in protein and will fertilize the female reproductive organs (stigma)
why did pollination evove. what kinds of adaptation do plants that don’t rely on pollination have.
pollination evolved as is promoted plant efficiency. plants don’t need to produce as much pollen to achieve the same results as those who rely on wind-driven mechanisms.
plants that don’t use pollination don’t have as much energy to allocate to other factors such as looks or nectar production.
what is a pollinator
an organisms that transports pollen from one plant to another
what are the main types of pollinators
insects
rodents
birds
reptiles
larger mamals
national species jurisdiction species status evaluator
COSEWIC
committee on the status of endangered wildlife in Canada
note that COSEWIC is responsible for assigning status, but it is SARA that os responsible for the legislation.
international species jurisdiction species status evaluator
IUCN
International Union for the Conservation of nature
provincial species jurisdiction species status evaluator
SAWS
status of Alberta wild species
what is down listing? uplisting?
the change in a species ranking on a list of concern
down listing will be the status is improving while uplisting means they are getting worse
what are some primary factors impacting species is Alberta
loss of habitat/ clear cutting
hunting
anthropogenic activities
climate change/ ecosystem alteration
what are the distribution patterns
random:a mid of open space and clusters with no patter
uniform: even spaces between all units
aggregated: apparent clustering of orgs
what is the index dispersion lvl for each pattern? what is the formula
Variance (S^2)/ mean
random=~1
uniform is <1
aggregated is >1
dispersion
how spread out a population is. is it even spreading
dispersal
the movement of orgs or the movement pattern they follow
why do larger orgs tend to be solitary
they need more food
better able to defend themselves
what is a native speices
a org that is naturally found is a particular area or ecosystem
what is an invasive species
a species that and a tendency to grow uncontrollably ad dominate an ecosystem
in many cases, this is an alien pieces that is non native
random sampling
a moethod used to ensure that all participant in asutudy have equal chances of being selected, this will often involve a computer system
haphazard
when a study does not follow a systematic method in the selection of participants. There is no intended bias but participant are not chosen at a true random
what are some sampling techniques
transect line
centroid plot
insect vistiation
what is pseudo replication
the recounting of participants in a studying, elimination of the independence of the samples. this also provided the illusion that you have more samples or a larger sample size than what is true.
what si the linchon -peterson recapture techniquie how do we correct for its issue
an equaion that uses the capturing tagged individuals to predict the population size. often the of equation overestmates the pop size so we correct for this using. the chapman correction.
N=[(M+1)(n+1)]/(m+1)]-1
what is the meaning behinf the variable in the population estimation equation
N= est pop size
M= number of og tagged indivuals
n= nuber of indivs caught
m= number of indivs caught that are tagged
what are the assumtions for population estimation
tags are not gianed or lost
dont impact fitness
behaviour and longevity is maintained
all indiv are equallbly catchable
no trap happy or trap shy
random mortality and emeigration
short sampling time with long period in between
what happend to est population when orgs are trap happy vs trap shy
happy= underestingation as m^
shy= over est as mv
what happend to est population when orgs lower thier movement i= or inc movement
dec over est as m v
inc is under est as m^
what happend to est population when orgs change thier longevity
often thier life span will shoten and so less orgs can be recaught. this cases for an over est
how can life history and dist pattern impact sampling efforts
Knowing how an organism naturally live or goes about their life will influence the sampling size that should be taken. this will also influence the size of the pot. knowing how far they travel in a typical day.
what is noise in a field sample. what should we do to reduce the effects that noise have on a sample
the errors made when preforming a test or collecting data
to counteract this we should try to have a large sample size.
what is a transect line
a stright line that cuts through a nautral ecosystem. measurement are made on both sides on the line
what is a centroid plot
a circular plot placed in a biologically natural area for observations
what is sampling effort
the number of samples and/ or sample size taken for a study
what is bias
the distortion of stat results, typically due to the nonrandom selection
quadrat sampling
a method that amin to measure abundance, frequency, distribution, and density of organisms (generally slow-moving) in a small plot.
accuracy
when a measurement matched that of an exact/ true value
precision
the repeatability of a measurement or stat test
what are 2 facotrs that affect an org fitness
its ability to survive and reproduce and how many off spring it produces
what is a functional response. what are the three facots that impact it
the effect that orey density has on being caught and the ability for prey to hide
How difficult the prey are to find (density and crypsis)
How difficult the prey are to handle (capture, digest, etc.)
The efficiency of the predator.
what is a type 1 functional response
a linear relationship between getting caught and prey density. in this scenario, density is the only factor that influences getting caught
it is assumed that the predator take not handing time to consume any caught prey
what is a type 2 functional response
the slightyl curved relationship between prey caught and density as the time the predator take to handle its prey is accounted for
for this relationship, the death rate per capita will decrease with an increasing density as larger herds are better able to detect predators
what is a type 3 func response
a sigmoidal curve
the predator may have low success with low densities but as the density increase (and the knowledge for catching prey inc) the number of prey eaten grows very fast until the handing time causes the curve to plateau.
when looking at the death rate, it will have. a positive relationship (more deaths with higher numbers a the predator learns how to hunt) and then decrease after a peak has been hit (to encompass the handling time)
what is the marginal foraging theory
dictates how long a predator will remain in a specific area before it moves onto the next area to search for food. it looks to maximize the amount of energy from prey eaten to search time.
when food beigngs to get scarce, when its time to expend greater amounts of energy to find new food
what is the optimal foraging theory
a method orgs use to forage food in such a. way that their fitness is maximized.
when is the optimal time to leave a site?
when the tanget of the foraging time and the function of the prey eaten intersect
this equals T*
what is the equation for maximizing energy
Ne/ (Ts+Tf)
how to calc the per capita death rate
number of prey eaten/ density in a population.
what is. linear regression
a test that compares 2 variables that are not related to determine if one impacts the other.
uses different units
scatter plot
what is an ANOVA
comparing the means of three or more categories meassuring the same unit
use a bar graph
t test
comparing the means of 2 categories with the same units
bar graph
paired or unpaired
pair vs unpaired t test
paired is when the 2 griuos are related or connected by a single factor. a B and A or lengths from the same indiv.
unpaired is when we comp the same nnit form diff entities. can be unequal variance between groups or equal variance
chi squared
compares obs to and expected value (from lit).
if the chi calced value is larger than the crit chi claue then we reject.
