Wars of the Roses IV-VII

Question 1

Which castle did Edward hand over to Percy as part of policy of conciliation?

Answer 1

Dunstanburgh Castle

Question 2

What was the name of the castle that Somerset helped Edward to capture in 1463?

Answer 2

Alnwick Castle

Question 3

What was a problem that Scotland caused Edward IV during his first reign?

Answer 3

The Scots sent a force over the border with Henry and Margaret of Anjou. However, they were forced to flee when met with a force led by Warwick and Montagu.

Question 4

How did Edward mitigate the problem of Scotland during his first reign?

Answer 4

Louis XI agreed to abandon his support for the Scots and Edward signed a truce with Scotland in December 1463.

Question 5

How did France respond to Edward’s alliance with Burgundy and Brittany during his first reign?

Answer 5

The responded by sponsoring Jasper Tudor in attacking Harlech Castle. The attack was unsuccessful.

Question 6

How did Edward mitigate the problem of France during his first reign?

Answer 6

He signed a truce with Louis XI in October 1463.

Question 7

What was a catalyst for Louis XI to plot to bring together Margaret and Warwick together?

Answer 7

The marriage agreement and commercial treaty signed between England and Burgundy. (Margaret and Charles, Duke of Burgundy).

Question 8

In which battle was the Earl of Warwick killed?

Answer 8

The Battle of Barnet.
Warwick’s guns had been overfiring all night and in the morning, the Lancastrians mistook Oxford’s banner for that of Edward IV and began shooting at their own side.

Question 9

What was the significance of the Battle of Tewkesbury?

Answer 9

The Lancastrian Prince of Wales was killed, Somerset was executed, Margaret of Anjou was captured and taken to London. Henry was killed in the Tower, signalling the defeat of the Lancastrian cause.

Question 10

When was the last Lancastrian attack of Edward IV’s second reign?

Answer 10

In September 1473, the Earl of Oxford captured St Michael’s Mount in Cornwall, only to submit to Edward at the end of the year.

Question 11

Who was executed in 1478?

Answer 11

Clarence, for treason. He had proven he could not be trusted.

Question 12

Who did Edward face a rebellion from in 1471?

Answer 12

Thomas, Bastard of Fauconberg, Warwick’s cousin.

Question 13

What was the Treaty of Chateaugiron (1472)?

Answer 13

It was signed with Brittany. Edward committed to an invasion of Gascony or Normandy. Edward spent the next two years trying to persuade Burgundy to join him.

Question 14

What was the Treaty of London (1474)?

Answer 14

Burgundy agreed to join Edward in an invasion of France. However, Burgundy eventually let Edward down and did not fight.

Question 15

What was the Treaty of Picquigny? (1475)

Answer 15

• A pension of 50,000 crowns was to be paid to Edward.
• The Dauphin Charles was to marry Elizabeth of York.
• If either King faced rebellion, the other would support them

Question 16

What was limitations of the Treaty of Picquigny?

Answer 16

The reaction in England was of disgust. Edward had raised taxes and not gone to war. For Edward to continue to receive his pension, he had to remain on good terms with the French.

Question 17

Why did Edward lose the pension from the Treaty of Picquigny?

Answer 17

The Burgundian heir (Margaret) was married to the French dauphin. This meant that Edward lost his planned marriage for his eldest daughter and also the French pension, as Louis XI was no longer worried about an Anglo-Burgundian alliance.

Question 18

Which Scottish town was Gloucester able to capture during Edward’s second reign?

Answer 18

Berwick, however much more could have been achieved.

Question 19

Which was evidence of divisions in court?

Answer 19

Hastings was willing to support Richard as she feared the Queen’s vengeance for supposedly involving the King in a life of womanising.
Buckingham supported Richard because he resented being forced to marry a Woodville and his power in the South had been given to Herbert.

Question 20

How many people were attainted after Buckingham’s Rebellion?

Answer 20

Over 100 people.

Question 21

What were the aims and success of Richard’s foreign policy?

Answer 21

Richard aimed to back the Duke of Albany’s attempts at the throne and prevent foreign assistance to Henry Tudor.
Albany’s raids were futile and Richard signed a truce with Scotland in 1484.
Henry invaded with French, Breton, and Scottish support, underlying the failure of Richard’s foreign policy.

Question 22

Name policies that Richard III introduced during his brief reign.

Answer 22

i) Continued using men of ability
ii) Planted Northerners in the South
iii) Introduced the Council of the North, to replace his role
iv) Established an early form of legal aid.

Question 23

When was the Yorkshire Rebellion?

Answer 23

1489

Question 24

When was the Cornish Rebellion?

Answer 24

1497

Question 25

How many men were in Simnel’s rebel army?

Answer 25

8000

Question 26

What threat did Warbeck pose to Henry VII?

Answer 26

He claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the Princes in the Tower. The international dimension was dangerous for Henry. Warbeck sheltered in France, Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy at different points. James IV of Scotland married Warbeck to his cousin and sent a force of 1500 over the border. However, Warbeck gained very little support in Northern Scotland. He tried to capitalise on the Cornish Rebellion but was captured and executed.

Question 27

What year did Phillip of Burgundy hand over the Earl of Suffolk?

Answer 27

1506

Question 28

What are examples of inducements that Henry offered the nobility?

Answer 28

He avoided offering land as it could create over-mighty subjects. He re-established the Order of the Garter. Another reward was a summon to the Great Council. Henry awarded patronage as a reward for loyal service.

Question 29

What sanctions for the nobility did Henry VII introduce?

Answer 29

Henry was severe in his use of Acts of Attainder which meant that nobles lost the right to possess land. Bonds and recognisances were used whereby nobles who had offended the King paid for their behaviour or as security for good behaviour. In 1504, Henry introduced a law against retaining, underpinned by the threat of heavy fines. Henry also insisted on his feudal rights: marriage, wardship, relief, livery.

Question 30

How did Henry regain crown lands?

Answer 30

He passed an Act of Resumption in 1486. Acts of Attainder also helped him regain Crown lands.

Question 31

Between 1485 and 1509, how many families were involved in bonds and recognisance agreements with Henry VII?

Answer 31

36 out of 62 noble families

Question 32

What was the most important advisory body to Henry VII during his first reign?

Answer 32

The King’s Council. Henry did not rely on particular families but instead chose men of ability, e.g. Reginald Bray and Edmund Dudley.

Question 33

How did Henry VII control the royal councils?

Answer 33

Henry ensured that the Council of London closely watched the activities of the Council of the North and Wales.

Question 34

How did income from Crown lands vary from the start to the end of Henry VII’s reign?

Answer 34

£29000 at the start of his reign to £42000 at the end of his reign.

Question 35

What were the aims of Henry’s foreign policy?

Answer 35

• Good relations with foreign European powers
• Prevent foreign support for Yorkist challengers
• Improve revenue from trade

Question 36

How many troops did Henry commit to protect Brittany under the terms of the Treaty of Redon?

Answer 36

6000 troops

Question 37

Was Henry successful in protecting Brittany?

Answer 37

France made peace with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Brittany was forced to accept defeat. Henry had failed to protect Brittany and now faced a possible invasion.

Question 38

What was agreed by the Treaty of Etaples?

Answer 38

France agreed:
- They would give no aid to English rebels, particularly Warbeck
- An annual pension of approximately £5000 a year

Question 39

What was Henry’s foreign policy after the Treaty of Etaples?

Answer 39

England was included in the Holy League in 1496 which had the aim of driving France out of Italy. By 1508, it had appeared that Henry had created a three way alliance between France, Netherlands and England, effectively an anti-Ferdinand alliance named the League of Cambrai. However, Louis XII decided not to sign and joined Ferdinand in signing and agreement that was anti-Venice. England was not included but they were not threatened by continental powers.

Question 40

What problem did Scotland pose to Henry VII?

Answer 40

The traditional Auld Alliance increased the danger for Henry. When James IV came to the throne in 1495, he desired war with England. He welcomed Perkin
Warbeck in July 1495 and married him to his cousin Lady Catherine Gordon. James IV provided military support to Warbeck but his invasion failed as it received very limited support in England.

Question 41

How did Henry deal with the problem of Scotland?

Answer 41

In 1497, he signed the Truce of Ayton which became a full treaty in 1499. The treaty was reinforced by the marriage of Henry’s eldest daughter Margaret to James IV in 1503.

Question 42

What was agreed with the Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)?

Answer 42

• Arthur and Catherine of Aragon would marry
• Catherine’s dowry would be £40,000
• Spain would not help English rebels
• There were benefits for English trade with Spain
• If either country were at war with France, the other would invade immediately

Question 43

What happened in early 1506 which benefitted Henry in terms of national security?

Answer 43

Bad weather drove Phillip of Burgundy onto the English coast. He was forced to hand over the Earl of Suffolk.

Question 44

What benefit did the Treaty of Medina del Campo have for English trade?

Answer 44

It allowed the export of goods from Spain in foreign ships.

Question 45

Compare income from custom duties in 1485 to 1509.

Answer 45

1485- £33,000
1509- £40,000

Question 46

Why was an embargo placed on Burgundy between 1493-6?

Answer 46

Margaret had given support to Perkin Warbeck.

Question 47

What did the Magnus Intercursus do?

Answer 47

It allowed free trade of cloth between England and Burgundy.

Question 48

What was the Malus Intercursus?

Answer 48

Burgundians exports would face customs while English would not. However, it was so unpopular with Burgundy that the Magnus Intercursus was restored in 1507.

Question 49

What was a limitation of English trade with Spain?

Answer 49

They would not allow Henry VII access to the New World.

Question 50

How successful was Henry VII with relation to Mediterranean trade?

Answer 50

Much of it was dominated by the Venetians who imposed heavy tariffs against English ships carrying Malmsey wine. Henry retaliated and the Venetians dropped the tariffs.

Question 51

How successful was Henry with relation to trade in the Baltic?

Answer 51

It was dominated by the Hanseatic League. He was forced to restore a favourable position for the Hanseatic League because he feared that they might give support to the Earl of Suffolk. This demonstrated that national security was the priority, not trade.