Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Edexcel History > Warfare: 1250-present > Flashcards

Warfare: 1250-present Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards European History 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards AP® European History flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards
1
Q

what was the composition of the army (1250-1500)?

A

armies were made up of infantry and the mounted knight (cavalry).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what was the role of mounted knights?
(1250-1500)

A

-the mounted charge = charging through enemy lines to reach and kill the enemy commander.
-the rout and chase = used to scatter enemy infantry and attack them once they were dispersed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what was the role of the infantry?
(1250-1500)

A

-hold the enemy attack and then defeat the enemy infantry.
-the shield wall held enemy attacks.
-the melee was where infantry engaged in hand-to-hand fighting with swords, pikes and daggers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what role did lords play on the battlefield? (1250-1500)

A

Commanders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what role did noblemen and gentry play on the battlefield (1250-1500)?

A

Knights.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what role did the peasants play on the battlefield?
(1250-1500)

A

Infantry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happened when the feudal system broke down? (1250-1500)

A

It became harder to persuade people to fight, so knights paid for soldiers to fight - these men were called mercenaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what were archers? (1250-1500)

A

Infantry who used bows or crossbows. They worked with mounted knights to break down the enemy at the beginning of a battle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what were the features of a longbow?
(1250-1500)

A

-Could fire 15 arrows a minute.
-They had increased power to pierce through chainmail.
-They had an effective range of 200 metres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what were schiltrons? (1250-1500)

A

A tight formation of infantry gathered together in a square or circle with pikes facing outwards towards the enemy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what were some limitations of the cannon? (1250-1500)

A

-Heavy and expensive.
-Inaccurate, could only be used against large targets such as walls.
-Short range.
-Unreliable, could set on fire or blow up.
-Slow to reload.
-Trained personnel needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what were the advantages and improvements to cannon?
(1250-1500)

A

-Useful in destroying city and castle walls.
-Improvements were made in range and aim.
-Specialist cannons were developed to go over high defensive walls.
-Metal was used for barrels and balls to make them more accurate and effective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why was there a decline in mounted knights?
(1250-1500)

A

-The longbow was more effective at taking down horses, knights and infantry.
-Schiltron was effective at defeating cavalry.
-Cavalry became more integrated, taking on specialist tasks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What were the changes in recruitment of knights?
(1250-1500)

A

-The Assize of Arms = a tax on wealth, all men with land had to provide a number of fully equipped knights.
-Mercenaries and scutage = replaced feudal service and the Assize. you could pay scutage rather than serving in battles.
-The Royal Household = permanent troops paid by the king to guard him.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what were the changes in recruitment of infantry?
(1250-1500)

A

-The Statute of Winchester = men between 16 and 60 had to muster once a year and be equipped for 40 days of service.
-Commissioners of Array = assed recruits and weapons across the country.
-Feudal levy and Assize of Arms began to fall away in favour of infantry being paid for service.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what were the changes in provisioning?
(1250-1500)

A

-Requisitioning = crown forced merchants to sell goods to provide ships in order to supply their baggage trains.
-Weapon stores.
-supply depots.
-pillaging = a common last resort in enemy territory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what was the continuity of training?
(1250-1500)

A

-Assize of arms called for infantry recruits to be skilled with their weapons.
-Mounted knights learned military skills and competed in tournaments, but there was no training to fight in a group.
-Nobility were the military class and kings relied on nobles and close relatives to command their armies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what were the feudal duties - recruitment?
(1250-1500)

A

-Civilians were forced to fight by the king.
-Civilians increasingly chose to pay money instead of going to war (scutage).
-Fighting meant time away from family.
-Recruits were expected to provide their own equipment and provisions for 40 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what were the benefits of warfare on civilians?
(1250-1500)

A

-Pay was better in the army.
-Industry was boosted due to the demand for supplies and weapons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what was plunder?
(1250-1500)

A

Stealing supplies from communities for the army and it starved the enemy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was requisitioning?
(1250-1500)

A

forces brought food and fodder from civilians, they were meant to be paid fairly but they often wasn’t.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what was the impact on civilians as a result of requisitioning?
(1250-1500)

A

-They had less food and supplies for their own use.
-They were out of pocket to the crown.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When was the Battle of Falkirk?
(1250-1500)

A

1298

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who was the Battle of Falkirk
between? (1298)

A

Scottish and English.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What was the impact of the longbow at
Falkirk? (1298)

A

-Edward used 5000 longbows and killed many of the Scottish infantry, who had no armour.
-As gaps appeared in the walls of Scottish pikes, the English cavalry were able to charge the Scottish lines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What good decisions did Edward I make at Falkirk? (1298)

A

-Supplying troops on campaign by sea.
-Outmanoeuvring Wallace to attack him from flanks.
-Using archers against the Scottish schiltrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What bad decision did Edward I make at Falkirk? (1298)

A

-He had little control over his cavalry, but this ultimately was a fortunate thing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What good decisions did Wallace make at Falkirk? (1298)

A

-Use of schiltrons.
-Positioning his forces on a slope. with his rear protected by woods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What bad decisions did Wallace make at Falkirk? (1298)

A

-Failing to protect his flanks.
-Deciding to fight with inferior numbers.
-Not controlling his nobles, who deserted.
-Not using his remaining cavalry and archers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

when was the Battle of Agincourt?
(1250-1500)

A

1415

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

who was the Battle of Agincourt between? (1415)

A

English and French

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what was good about Henry’s choice of battleground at Agincourt? (1415)

A

-Army was placed at the narrowest point of the battlefield.
-Heavy, wet clay farmland separated the two forces.
-Flanks were protected by woods.
-English archers used the shelter of the woods to fire at the French and provoke a reckless counterattack.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what was the role of cavalry and archers at Agincourt? (1415)

A
  1. English longbow men fired into French cavalry.
  2. French cavalry tried to retreat but met their own advancing infantry.
  3. French infantry were exhausted after struggling through thick mud.
  4. English knights fought on foot, holding the centre. Archers joined from the flanks with swords and daggers.
  5. The English advanced and the French were forced to retreat.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what good decisions did Henry V make at Agincourt (1415)

A

-He was brave and fought alongside his men.
-He chose an excellent defensive position.
-He made his cavalry fight on foot, forming a solid centre to support infantry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what bad decisions did Henry V make at Agincourt (1415)?

A

-His march across France weakened his army.
-He was trapped and forced to fight.

36
Q

What were the changes in the composition of the army? (1500-1700)

A

-Armies still included cavalry, infantry and artillery.
-change arose as training was needed for new weapons such as muskets and cannon
- armies became more professional.
-Artillery trains slowly increased in size and importance.
-field artillery improved.

37
Q

What changed in cavalry’s battlefield roles?
(1500-1700)

A

-Continued as a specialist role but was no longer the decisive force.
-Harassed the enemy with pistols and skirmished the enemy with cavalry.
-Dragoons (mounted infantry) took on the role of mounted archer.

38
Q

What changed in infantry’s
battlefield roles
(1500-1700)

A

-Became dominant as a result of new weapons and tactics.
-Musketeers gradually replaced archers.
-Armoured pikemen increasingly fought in large, disciplined squares or columns.

39
Q

What was the standing army?
(1500-1700)

A

A permanent force of full time professional soldiers.

40
Q

What were the strategy and tactics used?
(1500-1700)

A

-Pikemen could stop a cavalry charge but were easy targets.
-Pikemen and musketeers had to act together to be effective.
-It took a lot of training to change formations.

41
Q

What did Oliver Cromwell do?
(1500-1700)

A

-Was key in setting up the New Model Army and became head of its cavalry.
-He emphasised the importance of ability over social status.

42
Q

What did muskets begin to replace?

A

The longbow.

43
Q

What was the wheel-lock pistol?
(1500-1700)

A

-A smaller firearm suitable for use by the cavalry.

44
Q

What were the disadvantages to the flintlock musket?
(1500-1700)

A

-Dangerous near gunpowder due to the expose flame.
-Unreliable as rain would put the match out.
-Visible at night due to the exposed glow.

45
Q

Why was the rising power of the cannon weakened?
(1500-1700)

A

-New engineering methods led to stronger defensive walls as protection.
-New style defences.
-Low, thick earth walls met the blows from cannon without shattering.
-Walls were angled so that balls would bounce off them.
-Bastions provided defensive positions for the return of cannon fire.

46
Q

What was the continuity in recruitment?
(1500-1700)

A

-All men aged 16-60 had to serve in their local area. they were pressed.
-Men provided their own weapons and general musters were held for inspection and training.
-The king appointed Lords Lieutenant to command each country’s militia.

47
Q

What were the changes in training?
(1500-1700)

A

-New weapons and tactics meant that discipline and training was required.
-Musketeers had to learn how to work together with pikemen.

48
Q

What was the New
Model Army?
(1500-1700)

A

A nation volunteer army, with regular pay that allowed successful soldiers to be promoted to command positions.

49
Q

What happened to cavalry in terms of the New Model Army? (1500-1700)

A

-6600 cavalry were raised from existing forces.
-Received 24p a day but had to provide for themselves.
-1000 dragoons were also raised from existing forces.

50
Q

What happened to infantry in terms of the New Model Army? (1500-1700)

A

-14,400 infantrymen were raised, half from existing forces, half pressed.
-Received 8p a day.
-Desertion rates were high so men were pressed

51
Q

What was free quarter?

A

Armies forced communities to feed and house troops.

52
Q

When was the Battle of Naseby?
(1500-1700)

A

1645

53
Q

Who was the Battle of Naseby between? (1645)

A

Royalist troops and Parliamentarian troops.

54
Q

What good decision did Fairfax make at Naseby (1645)

A

-He was an inspirational general who fought alongside his men.
-He led the infantry in the counterattack.

55
Q

What good decision did Cromwell make at Naseby? (1645)

A

-Believed NMA (New Model Army) officers should be the best soldiers. he recruited and trained the best cavalry in the war.

56
Q

What was the role of training and tactics at Naseby?
(1645)

A
  1. NMA advance over the ridge to engage the Royalists as the climb the slope.
  2. Royalist cavalry drive off they foes but loose discipline and raid the baggage trains for plunder.
  3. NMA infantry hold the centre, their frontline breaks.
  4. NMA cavalry drivee off their foes but Cromwell keeps them under control.
  5. Cromwell’s cavalry attack the flanks and rear of Royalist infantry, the Royalists breaks.
  6. Cromwells cavalry pursues the remaining Royalist cavalry, destroying them.
57
Q

What was the continuity of the composition of the army? (1700-1900)

A

-A permanent standing army of 50 000 men.
-The decline of cavalry continued, now only 20 per cent of the army.
-Artillery continued to form about 5 per cent.

58
Q

What was the change of the composition of the army? (1700-1900)

A

-The growth of the British Empire meant that soldiers were needed: numbers reached 250 000 by 1899.
-Governments were more involved in organising army size and finances, both of which rose dramatically.

59
Q

what was the specialisation and professionalization of the army by 1900? (1700-1900)

A

-Command structures more clearly defined.
-Wore camouflaged uniforms.
-Transported to battle in steamships or trains.
-New weapons such as rifles and machine guns led to specialised roles within the infantry.
-Long distance artillery and light field artillery bombarded the enemy.

60
Q

What was the continuity of roles on the battlefield?
(1700-1900)

A

-Cavalry = harassed the enemy but new weapons such as rifles and machine guns left them vulnerable.

-Infantry = still the decisive factor in battle.

61
Q

What was the continuity in tactics on the battlefield?
(1700-1900)

A

-Cavalry = officers were determined to keep traditional cavalry forces.
-Infantry = still fought in lines, columns and squares.
-Infantry = loading times improved.
-Infantry = still sent to face overwhelming firepower, generals refused to accept changing situations.

62
Q

What was the change in light field artillery guns?
(1700-1900)

A

-Thinner and lighter cannon barrels.
-Bronze made cannon even lighter.
-Horse-drawn field guns could be used to transport quickly.
-Designed so that they recoiled.

63
Q

What was the change in heavy artillery?
(1700-1900)

A

-Steel cannon were stronger than bronze.
-Breech-loading cannon was 5 times faster.
-Riffled barrels increased the range to 5km.
-Percussion shells were filled with chemicals that exploded the shell.
-Smokeless powder stopped revealing position.

64
Q

What factors affected changes in weaponry?
(1700-1900)

A

-Spiralling change.
-Social attitudes.
-Political attitudes.
-Individuals.
-Industrialisation.

65
Q

what were the features of steam trains? (1700-1900)

A

-Enabled troops to move faster than they could on foot.
-Supplies could be moved faster.

66
Q

what were the features of steamships?
(1700-1900)

A

-Had screw propellers which sailed twice as fast.
-Requisitioned steamships took less than 3 weeks to ship men and supplies to the Crimea.

67
Q

What were the problems with recruitment?
(1700-1900)

A

-The quality of officers were unreliable because it was linked to social status rather than merit.
-The arm still found it difficult to recruit men and keep then disciplined.

68
Q

What methods of recruitment were used? (1700-1900)

A

-Colonels regiments = officers were paid to set up and equip new regiments.
-1757 Militia Act = an overhaul of the assize of arms, men aged 18-50 were selected to serve in the local militia for 5 years.

69
Q

Why did armies become more professional?
(1700-1900)

A

-The 1870 Army Act.
-Cardwell’s reforms
-Lower ranks enlisted for 12 years.
-Reserves were paid a daily rate and retrained each year.
-After 12 years soldiers could resign or sign up or another 12 years.

70
Q

What was the impact of newspaper reporting?
(1700-1900)

A

-Public attitudes changed because they got a real insight into wars.
-Press inspired the public to make a contribution.
-The Times raised money for sick and wounded solders.

71
Q

When was the Battle of Waterloo?

A

1815

72
Q

When was the Battle Of Balaclava?

A

1854

73
Q

How did the choice and use of battleground affect the Battle of Waterloo for Wellington?

A
  • Wellington chose a good defensive position.
  • The battlefield was good for defence as it was only about three miles across.
  • He deployed his men behind a ridge to reduce the damage done by enemy artillery.
  • He set up two positions on the flanks of the ridge to interrupt the French attack.
  • He concealed field artillery in the village of Papelotte on one flank.
74
Q

What tactics were used in the battle of waterloo?

A
  1. Napoleon attacked with infantry columns, cavalry charges and heavy artillery. The columns were 200 men wide, and could punch through lines, but lacked firepower and were big targets.
  2. Wellington used 20 infantry squares each 60 metres across, with muskets and bayonets to hold back the French cavalry. The field artillery and the wounded were protected inside the squares.
  3. Wellington then sent in the cavalry and infantry in lines, firing devastating volleys.
75
Q

What was the charge of the light brigade?

A

The ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’ at Balaclava, 1854, was a miscommunication that led to many deaths. It showed the vulnerability of the cavalry when faced with defensive firepower.

76
Q

What tactics, weapons and supplies were used in the battle of balaclava (1854)?

A

• The 93rd Highlanders under Sir Colin Campbell, using Minié rifles, held a defensive position against an attacking force of Russian cavalry.
• The soldiers, in two-deep lines in their red tunics, formed a ‘thin red streak, tipped with steel’, outnumbered four to one.
• Their devastating volleys drove off the cavalry.
The Heavy Brigade then moved in and defeated a large force of Russian cavalry.
• The use of old methods, like a cavalry charge, against a defensive line of infantry armed with the latest rifles led to a huge loss of life.
• The power of defence became a central characteristic of warfare in this period.

77
Q

How did the charge of the light brigade occur?

A

• Later in the battle, the Russians began to remove the allied cannon they had captured on the ridge.
• Lord Raglan ordered Lord Lucan to recapture the cannon, but the orders were vague and poorly explained. In the confusion, Lucan thought he was being asked to attack the Russian cannons.
• Despite the uncertainty, Lucan ordered Lord Cardigan’s Light Brigade to charge the Russian cannon.
• Out of 673 men in the Light Brigade, 113 were killed, 134 wounded and most of the horses had to be destroyed, for no gain.

78
Q

What are some Causes for the Acceleration in change after 1850

A
  • Bessemer process - led to the mass production of steel at a lower cost
  • Maxim machine guns/Wilkinson light field gun - faster, more manoeuvrable
  • Prussia’s military growth (1870s)
79
Q

New methods of communication during the Modern Era

A
  • wireless radio
  • portable field telephone
  • RADAR (1930s)
  • Internet
  • GPS
80
Q

New methods of transportation
during the Modern Era

A
  • Motor vehicles
  • helicopters
  • sea transport
  • railways
  • Royal Army Service Corps (feed and supply soldiers)
81
Q

What are some Changes to the Nature of Warfare during the Modern Era

A
  • Infantry dropped by 40%
  • smaller armies
  • specialisation increased by 50%
  • less focus on defence
  • remote warfare
  • tanks replace cavalry
  • body armour
  • guns mounted on tanks and helicopters
82
Q

The Iraq War (2003): How were the allies Preparing the Battlefield?

A

2 days of weakening Iraqi defences with F-117 stealth bombers, 40 Tomahawk missiles at military bases, seizing port, airport, and oil terminals

83
Q

The Iraq War (2003): what was the Air Attacks (March - April)

A
  • daily bombings
  • 30,000 used
  • 70% were ‘smart’ weapons
  • which could be guided by GPS, such Paveway bombs and Storm Shadow guided missiles
84
Q

The Iraq War (2003): what was the Ground Attack? (21st March - 11th April)

A
  • 200,000 troops: supported by aircraft, Challenger tanks defeated the older T-55s, which had insufficient armour.
  • Basra was captured on 6th April, and by the end of April Iraqi forces had been defeated
85
Q

The Iraq War (2003): Why was the invasion successful?

A
  • US/UK had better weapons
  • used SATNET 4 to intercept Iraqi communications
  • had better technology in general
  • The US spent $50 billion in 2003, UK spent £1 billion/year

GCSE Edexcel History (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions