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Block 3 Week 3 Meg > Ward: Small and Large Intestine Secretion and Absorption > Flashcards

Ward: Small and Large Intestine Secretion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

Two components of the pancreas

A

acini

islets of Langerhans

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2
Q

Pancreatic secretions

A

proteolytic enzymes
carbohydrate enzyme (pancreatic amylase)
pancreatic lipase
cholesterol esterase

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3
Q

List the three proteolytic enzymes released from the pancreas

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypolypeptidase

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4
Q

What activates trypsinogen to trypsin?

What activates chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin?

A

enterokinase

trypsin

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5
Q

Released from glandular cells and inhibits the activation of trypsin inside the secretory cells, in the acini and in the pancreatic ducts

A

trypsin inhibitor

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6
Q

In pancreatic acinar cells, enzymes are condensed into vacuoles and concentrated to form (blank), which can fuse with the apical membrane and rupture to release its contents

A

zymogen granules

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7
Q

Enzymes of the pancreas are secreted by (blank)

A

acini

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8
Q

When the pancreas releases pancreatic enzymes, it also releases (blank) and (blank)

A

water; bicarbonate ions

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9
Q

The (blank) and (blank) concentrations in pancreatic secretion are approximately similar to that of plasma, but (blank) ion secretion is lower. The (blank) ion secretion increases with secretion rate

A

Na+; K+; Cl-; bicarbonate

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10
Q

How is bicarbonate secreted from pancreatic cells?

A

Na/H+ exchanger pumps H+ in
H+ forms H20
H20 combines with CO2 to form bicarb which is shuttled out into the lumen in exchange for Cl-

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11
Q

As Cl- moves down its concentration gradient into the lumen, (blank) follows, which pulls water with it into the lumen.

A

Na+; H20

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12
Q

What is HCO3 secretion dependent upon?

A

The availability of Cl- in the lumen. Ultimately the opening of Cl- channels on the apical membrane.

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13
Q

As secretory rate increases, conc. of bicarb (blank)

A

increases

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14
Q

As concentration of bicarb in the lumen increases, the concentration of Cl- (blank)

A

decreases

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15
Q

4 stimuli important for stimulating pancreatic secretion

A
  1. ACh
  2. gastrin
  3. CCK
  4. secretin
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16
Q

released from parasympathetic vagus nerve terminals in the ENS

A

ACh

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17
Q

released during the gastric phase of the stomach

A

gastrin

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18
Q

secreted by duodenal mucosa when food enters the duodenum

A

CCk

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19
Q

secreted when low pH products enter the stomach (neutralizes pH)

A

secretin

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20
Q

ACh and CCK activate (blank), while secretin activates (blank)

A

Ca+ stores; cAMP

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21
Q

During the cephalic and gastric phases, ACh and gastrin cause relatively (blank) pancreatic secretion

A

little

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22
Q

Pancreatic secretion is increased considerably when chyme enters the duodenum, in response to the hormones (blank) and (blank).

A

CCK; secretin

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23
Q

released from S cells in the mucosa of the upper small intestine. The stimulus for release is gastric acid and long chain fatty acids.

A

secretin

24
Q

The release of (blank) during the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion increases the pH of the luminal contents so it is more optimal for pancreatic enzymes

A

bicarbonate

25
Q

Released from I cells within the mucosa of the duodenum and upper jejunum. The stimulant that causes the release appears to be proteoses and peptones

A

CCK

26
Q

Two important functions of the secretion of bile into the GI tract

A
  1. emulsifies large fat particles into smaller ones

2. serves as a means of excretion of waste products

27
Q

Two primary bile acids from cholesterol

A

cholic acid

chenodeoxycholic acid

28
Q

Constituents of bile

A 
Bile acids
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Bile pigments
Inorganic ions
29
Q

Major phospholipid found in bile

A

lecithins

30
Q

Most important bile pigment

A

bilirubin

31
Q

Bile secreted from the liver can flow into the terminal bile duct, to the hepatic duct, to the common bile duct where it can have one of two fates

A
  1. goes to gallbladder via cystic duct

2. empties directly into duodenum via the sphincter of Oddi

32
Q

The rate of secretion of bile is related to the amount of bile delivered to the liver by (blank)

A

hepatic circulation

33
Q

Bile acids are taken up from the bowel by the (blank) and transported back to the liver.

A

enterohepatic circulation

34
Q

3 pathways involved in bile absorption

A
  1. passive diffusion
  2. terminal ileum absoprtion
  3. bacteria in terminal ileum and colon decongugate bile salts to bile acids
35
Q

derived from the metabolic breakdown of hemoglobin from aged RBC’s within the reticuloendothelial system to hemin and globin

A

bilirubin

36
Q

How is bilirubin transported to the liver?

A

bound to albumin

37
Q

Some bilirubin is extracted in the liver via and active anion transport system, conjugated with (blank) and secreted.

A

glucuronic acid

38
Q

Some of the bilirubin glucuronide is reduced by bacteria to (blank) and excreted in the feces.

A

urobilinogen

39
Q

Some bilirubin is passed to the systemic circulation, oxidized to form (blank) and excreted in the urine.

A

urobilin

40
Q

So, bilirubin can form bilirubin glucuronide, urobilinogen, or urobilin. If it forms bilirubin glucuronide, it’s secreted in the (blank). If it forms urobilinogen, it’s excreted in the (blank). If it forms urobilin, it’s excreted in the (blank).

A

intestine
feces
urine

41
Q

T/F: secretion of electrolytes can be bile acid dependent or bile acid independent.

A

True

42
Q

As bile acids move towards the distal ileum, primary acids are converted to secondary acids. Hydrophobic acids are absorbed (blank), whereas hydrophilic acids are absorbed by (blank). A minor fraction are not absorbed but transported to the colon.

A

passively; Na+ active transport system

43
Q

Absorbed bile acids are transported to the (blank) where they are actively extracted from the blood and re-secreted

A

liver

44
Q

3 components of bile

A

bile salts
phospholipids
cholesterol

45
Q

What can these lead to?
Too much absorption of water from bile (too concentrated).
Too much cholesterol in bile, leading to precipitation.
Too much absorption of bile acids from bile.
Inflammation of the epithelium.

A

formation of gall stones

46
Q

found extensively in the duodenum between the pylorus and papilla of Vater, secrete mucus

A

Brunner’s glands

47
Q 
What do these do the Brunner's glands?
(i) tactile stimuli
(II) irritating stimuli
(iii) vagal stimulation
(iv) GI hormones
A

cause them to release mucus

48
Q

What is the function of mucus in the small intestine?

A

to protect the intestinal wall from digestion by gastric juices

49
Q

Secretion of Brunner’s glands is inhibited by (blank), which can lead to the duodenal bulb being unprotected. This is thought to be one of the factors leading to peptic ulcers

A

sympathetic stimulation

50
Q

Secrete extracellular fluid in the small intestine, which is rapidly reabsorbed by the villi. This solution acts as a carrier for absorption of nutrients

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

51
Q

(blank) line the mucosa of the large intestine, while (blank) are not present.

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn; villi

52
Q

(blank) stimulation results in copious amounts of mucus secretion.

A

parasympathetic

53
Q

protects the lining of the large intestine from acid that is formed deep in feces. It also provides a medium for the formation and binding of fecal material

A

mucus

54
Q

Cl- secretion in the large intestine is under (blank) regulation

A

cAMP

55
Q

Responsible for numerous pandemic infections of extreme diarrhea and dehydration across the globe, resulting in millions of deaths

A

cholera

Block 3 Week 3 Meg (9 decks)

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