War of 1812 Flashcards
a formal written request, typically one signed by many people, appealing to authority with respect to a particular cause
petition
a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
immigrant
the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex
discrimination
belonging to a foreign country or nation
alien
conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch
sedition
the admittance of a foreigner to the citizenship of a country
naturalization
intending or intended to do harm
malicious
make legally null and void; invalidate
nullify
occurred in France in 1789-1799
King Lois XVI was executed in 1793
Revolution ended when Napoleon took power
French Revolution
1791 congress made this a top priority French Revolution is going on during this James Madison helped pass this protects us from the majority rule
Bill of rights
one of the leaders in congress during the bill of rights and helped pass it
James Madison
says importers pay a % of the value of their cargo when they land in the US
suggested by James Madison
1789
The Tariff of 1789
supported the tariff of 1789, but believed the government needed to borrow more money
Hamilton
paper notes promising to repay money
bonds
as the money is paid back after the government borrows a bond, what is the congress hoping will happen
more people will trust the government and be willing to pay them more money
who was upset because the northerners owned the bonds (northerners were more wealthy)
Madison and southerners
who had to pay off the bonds after they had been borrowed with tax money
the south
who asked congress to create a national bank and who opposed to this plan because it would only help the north
Hamilton
the southerners opposed to this idea
why did Madison argue that the congress could not establish a bank
it was unconstitutional
Secretary of State who said the constitution did not give the federal government power to create a bank
Thomas Jefferson
Hamilton believed what was nessecary to collect taxes , regulate trade and provide for defense
the national bank
signed the bank bill in 1791
congress
congress imposed a tax on the manufacturing of whiskey
1791
August 1794
erupted in western Pennsylvania
Washington sent troops to crush the rebellion
whiskey rebellion
national government should be supreme
ruling power given to the wealthy educated
gov should promote manufacturing
loose interpretation of the constitution
protective tariffs protect domestic industries
Hamilton and the federalists
state gov should be supreme
ruling power should be given to all landowners
gov should promote agriculture
strict interpretation of the constitution
protective tariffs burden farmers
Jefferson and democratic republicans
address that was printed in Philadelphias American daily advertiser on September 19, 1776
32 pages
Washington urged Americans to avoid focusing on political parties
warned long term alliances in foreign affairs
washingtons farewell address
1974
have now gained the northwest territory to settlement
president George Washington assigns general “mad” Anthony Wayne to build several forts between Ohio and maumee rivers
battles the native American confederacy
battle of fallen timbers
two major parties during the election of 1800
federalists and democratic republicans
why did the federalists have a host of enemies in the 1800 election
alien and sedition acts and John Adams NOT declaring war
words used to make someone else look bad, even if it isn’t actually true
ex. people said that Jefferson robbed a widow and her children of a trust fund
mudslinging
who were the democratic republicans running against each other in the 1800 election
Jefferson v burr
what happened during the election of 1800 that eventually exposed the first flaw of the original constitution
Jefferson and burr tied
how was the Vice President chosen
the electoral college each got 2 votes and whichever candidate had the lowest number of votes was Vice President
the federalists dominated the House of Representatives
many people planned on voting for burr
the Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800
which two people persuaded a few house members to change their votes, eventually electing Jefferson to become president and why did they do it
Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
burr had bad blood with Hamilton, which caused hamilton to go against him
March 4, 1801
Jefferson was inaugurated president of the United States, in Washington DC
scholarly, private citizen and the harassed public official
had to rely on his casual charm a lot, because his party was still disunited
Jefferson
enacted a new naturalization law that returned the years needed for an immigrant to become a citizen from 14 to 5
kicked away the excess tax
left the Hamilton system intact
Jeffersonian restraint
reduced national debt substantially
Albert gallatin
never had a straightforward answer
Jefferson
1802
pardoned people who were serving under the sedition act
Jeffersonian restraint
cousin of Jefferson
served at valley forge
became a lifelong federalist
Chief Justice
John Marshall
passed by the federalists in 1801
many of the judges were federalists
the dead clutch of the judiciary
1803
William Marburg was one of the “midnight judges” appointed by John Adams in his last hours as president
he was named justice of peace for DC
James Madison decided he was going to get rid of the position, Marburg sued for its delivery
Marshall dismissed the case
Marbury v Madison
unconstitutional, suggesting the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of the laws (judicial review )
judiciary act of 1789
who did Jefferson try to impeach in 1804, but not enough votes were mustered
Supreme Court Justice Samuel chase
reluctant warrior
Jefferson
how many men did Jefferson reduce the malitia to and what was the navy reduced to
2500 men
peacetime footing
what ships were the North African Barbary states looting
US ships
who indirectly declared war in 1801 when he cut down the flagstaff of the American consulate
fighting lasted 4 years
reluctantly sent the navy to fight on the shores
the pasha of Tripoli
Jefferson spent his own money on this because of the fascination of the ships
Tripolitan War
1805
Jefferson successfully got a peace treaty from Tripoli for how much
$60,000
a strained political or social state or relationship
tension
1800
Napoleon secretly induced the king of Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France
Louisiana godsend
1802
the spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit for Americans guaranteed by this
treaty of 1795
1803
Jefferson sends Monroe and Livingston to New Orleans hoping to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east for how much money
$10 million
what did Napoleon offer to sell along with New Orleans for only $15 million because of a rebellion in Haiti, led by toussiant l’overture
the entire Louisiana purchase
what was finalized on April 30, 1803 and who made the deal without consulting with Jefferson
The Louisiana purchase
Monroe
unconstitutional, but would double the land of the country
only costed 3 cents per acre of land
Louisiana purchase
1804
who was sent to explore the new territory bought during the Louisiana purchase
went all the way to Oregon and the pacific before they returned
Lewis and Clark
who was hired with lewis and Clark and spend 2 1/2 years exploring the land and animals
Sacajawea
known for trekking the headwaters of the Mississippi River in 1805-06 and founded pikes peak in the southern portion of Louisiana
pike
federalists began to create a conspiracy to make burr secede from the union
Aaron burr conspiracies
1804
Aaron burr killed Hamilton in a duel and lost any chance of the federalists regaining
Aaron burr conspiracies
burr was incensed that Hamilton had helped Jefferson in the election of 1800, challenging him to a duel
burr v Hamilton duel
1806
was arrested for treason
burr
1804
won the election with 162 electoral votes to 14 from his federalist opponent Charles Pinckney
Jefferson
has sea power
England
has power on the land
France
a precarious neutrality
Britain v France war
1806
orders of council
needed to find a way to hurt eachother without actually fighting
brought the US into war, ending our neutrality
battles of trafalgar and austerlitz
closed the ports to foreign shipping, including America, unless they stopped at a British port first
Napoleon ordered a seizure of all ships that entered British ports, including American ships
orders in council
taking American soldiers and forcing them to join the British navy
British started to claim that most Americans were deserters, because they were from Britain American commander refused to let them take our men
British finally attacked an American ship, due to us not letting them take our men
impressments
after Chesapeake accident, when did Jefferson decide to create an embargo which ended up hurting our economy more than help it and ultimately was a push towards war
1807
there will be no export of goods from any American ports, whether in foreign and American ships
the embargo act of 1807
who was not affected by the embargo act and whose economy was crippled
France and Britain
America
what did the farmers in the south begin to have an excessive supply of
cotton and tobacco
smuggling became a big issue after what was created
the embargo
who gained some traction because the democrats had created this embargo
federalists
who gained a new prosperity from the embargo
New England
foundations of America being known as what emerged
industrial giant
March of 1809
how many days before Jefferson left office did the congress repeal the embargo
3 days
we can trade with anyone, besides France and Britain
nonintercourse act
took office on March 4, 1809
James Madison
1810
permitted American trade with the entire world and promised America restoration
thought we would t have to deal with the conflict anymore
Napoleon had no intention of following through, causing it to fail
Macons bill no. 2
what was lifted and who did Madison declare available for trade
France
the prophet
Tecumseh
12th congress of 1811, young hothead from the south and west took office
hot for war because they were tired of hearing of their ancestors winning pushing Madison and congress to go for war
hungry for war
war Hawks
wanted to wipe out the the Indian threat that was on the frontier
formed confederation opposed the western expansion of American settlers
did not want white people on his land
Tecumseh
Tecumseh attempted William Henry Harrison’s army that was advancing on their settlement
Indian forces were defeated
British weapons are found at the battlefield
Harrison became a national hero
battle of tippecanoe
what nations were destroyed in the war of 1812
Indian nations
who died while fighting in the battle of tippecanoe
Tecumseh
believed that war was inevitable
Madison
one of the the worst American fought wars due to widespread disunity
America plunged into armed conflict against Britain
was no national unity
declared war to reassert Americans strength
mr. Madison’s war
who had the vote of 79-49
house vote
who had a vote of 19-13
senate vote
whose impressments stood out
England’s
who did we not have much in common with, besides the shipping regulations
France
who was also on the radar along with Great Britain
Canada
why did New England oppose the war
were more inclined towards Britain
if Canada was conquered, it would give America more Algerian land and increase republican supporters
who was disunited
America
why was this ranked one of the worst fought wars
the widespread disunity
no burning national angle, not everyone wanted to go to war
the regular army was ill trained, downsized by Jefferson, and the New England states wouldn’t send their militias outside of home state
the offensive strategy against who was poorly conceived, but we still tried
Canada
how were both sides at the beginning of the war
evenly matched as far as numbers go
why did Britain not have all of their forces ready to come to the US, causing them to have little to spare to fight the US
they were still fighting Napoleon and Europe
what changed in 1813
Napoleon was defeated by Britain allowing all of their forces to come to America
the US is able to be on the offensive
they invaded Canada and sent cruisers and privateers against enemy shipping
England concentrated on Europe
1813
the first stage of fighting in the war
English established a tight blockade of US ports, but could only send a few additional troops to Canada
America had its first success
1813-14
the second stage of fighting the war
saw the arrival of a large British army and navy reinforcements, even though some British military was left in Europe to continue fighting against France (although their war was officially over) British forces raided the coast at numerous locations
1814-15
the third stage of fighting in the war
what would have happened if America had captured Montreal
everything west would have collapsed
which 3 places did the Americans on focus on besides Montreal, which were all eventually beaten back
Detroit
niagara
lake Champlain
the British Canadians displayed early enthusiasm and captured which American fort
mackinac
April 1813
an American attack on fort York, today the city of Toronto, this succeeded
US soldiers looted and vandalized private homes
public buildings were burned
later caused British troops to burn public buildings in DC
Americans abandoned New York a few days later
battle of York
commander of the battle of Lake Erie
was assigned the job of building a fleet and winning control of Lake Erie
prepared though the spring of 1813 in the protected waters of presque isle
Oliver hazard perry
where did perry anchor his ships and what was it near
in put in bay near her era, Harrison’s army
key win for the US
battle of Lake Erie
what did the letter that perry wrote to Harrison after the battle of Lake Erie end
the threat of British Invasion on Canada
commander of the army of the northwest
major General William Henry Harrison
October 1813
two armies met on October 5th on the banks of the Thames River
Tecumseh died
a complete victory and no more battles were fought in this area for the rest of the war
British Indians surrendered
battle of Thames
who was determined to destroy the British forces and their Indian allies
General Harrison
who created a naval blockade and what did they raid and ruin the economy of
British soldiers
American economic life such as fishing
defeated several of the British ships, including guerriere and earned the nickname “old Ironsides”
USS constitution
1814 in Canada
last American invasion attempt
defeated in a 6 hour battle
battle of lundys lane
who remains peaceful to this day
America and Canada
August 19, 1814
4000 troops landed on the patuxent River
fighting in Washington and Maryland
British easily defeated the US
battle of bladensburg
who smuggled important possessions from the White House after Great Britain had set it on fire
dolly Madison
September 12, 1814
a British force of how many men landed at north point
9000
who negotiated the release of a prisoner
wrote a poem, which ended up being the star spangled banner at fort Mchenry
Francis key Scott
one of the final official battles of the war
the American victory secured US rights to the Great Lakes in the peace treaty
battle of Plattsburgh, aka battle of lake Champlain
the Americans, led by John Quincy Adams refused to go along with any of britains requests
said the war was a stalemate/ armistice, ending the war in a draw
signed on December 24, 1814
the treaty of Ghent
happened after the signing of the treaty, because word took so long to get around that some people had not heard about the ending of the war
battle of New Orleans
who became a national hero because of the battle of New Orleans, and was later elected president in 1828
Andrew jackson
federalists began to make a list of things that they had lost throughout the war, meeting secretly
mention seceding from the union because of the embargoes and what they had lost
caused the death of the Federalist Party
Hartford convention
consequences of the war
war ends In a stalemate, but we lost pride, lives and materials
trade returned between the nations and they are now peaceful
nationalism in America and Canada increase after the war
Canada felt betrayed, but that did not last long
