War And Revolution (3) Flashcards
When was the fourth duma suspended and reconvened?
August 1st, 1914
June-July 1915
When was the progressive bloc formed in the duma?
June 25th, 1915
When was Nicholas II made commander in chief of the armies?
August 22nd, 1915
When was Rasputin murdered?
December 1st, 1916
When was the February revolution?
1917
18th February to 4th March
When did the strikes in Petrograd begin?
February 18th
When was international women’s day?
23rd February
When was their city wide strikes in Petrograd by?
25th February
Hen did the Tsar officially abdicate?
2nd March
What was one major mistake by the Tsar? Who did he refuse to cooperate with?
They refused to fully cooperate with the non-governmental organisations, like the Union of Zemstva and the Union of Municipal Councils
What was the Union of Zemstva?
A set of patriotic rural local councils
What was the Union of Municipal Councils?
A set of patriotic urban local councils
What did the Union of Zemstva and the Union of Municipal Councils form?
A joint organisation, Zemgor
What was Zemgor?
The joint body that devoted itself to helping Russia’s war wounded
What did the successes of Zemgor do?
Highlighted the government’s own failures and hinted there might be an alternative to tsardom
How many duma deputies formed the Progressive Bloc?
236 out of 422
Who was involved in the Progressive Bloc?
The Kadets, the Octobrists, the nationalists and the Party of Progressive Industrialists
Who did not formally join the Bloc? What did they do?
The SRs
They voted with it in all the duma resolutions, which criticised the government’s handling of the war
How did Nicholas respond to the Bloc?
He ignored it and was stubborn
Who was Rasputin?
A self-ordained holy man from the Russian steppes who was notorious for his sexual depravity
Who liked Rasputin?
The women, who found him fascinating and threw themselves at him, boasting they had slept with him
Who disliked Rasputin?
Outraged husbands and officials
When was Rasputin introduced to the Tsar and tsarina?
1907
Why did the tsarina invite him to court?
She was desperate to cure her son, Alexei, of his haemophilia
How did Rasputin help?
Alexei’s condition eased considerably
Why was Rasputin’s healing impact believed by the tsarina?
She was a deeply religious woman, and believed that he was a gift from God
How did Rasputin’s enemies refer to him?
The “mad monk”
What did the Tsarina made Rasputin?
Her confidant
What is a confidant?
A person who one confides intimate secrets and a special trust
Why was the tsarina already unpopular during the war period?
Her German nationality meant people called her a spy
How did the tsarina refer to Rasputin in her letters to Nicholas?
“Our dear friend”
When the Tsar was at war, who effectively ruled Russia from 1915?
The tsarina and Rasputin
How did the tsarina’s enemies refer to her?
“The German woman”
How did the strict followers of the Tsar find the relationship between the tsarina and Rasputin?
The found it difficult to defend a system that allowed a nation in the hour of its greatest trial to fall under their control
Who warned the Tsar about Rasputin’s presence?
Rodzianko
What did Rasputin’s presence mean for the Tsar?
His reputation declined further and his government fell into increasing disrepute
When was Rasputin murdered?
December 1916
When was the February revolution?
18th February - 4th March 1917
Where did the February revolution begin?
With a strike at the Putilov factories in Petrograd
Who was Rodzianko?
The duma’s president
By 1917, what was the issue with those employed in the Tsar’s government?
All the good people have been dismissed or have left
What was Putilov?
Steel works
How did the strikes escalate?
The Putilov strikers were joined on the streets by growing numbers of workers who had been angered by numerous rumours of further cuts to bread supplies
What event clashed with the strikes?
International Women’s Day
When was International Women’s Day?
23rd February
What did International Women’s Day mean for the strikes?
It brought thousands of women on the streets to join the protesters in demanding food and an end to the war
What had happened by the 25th February?
Petrograd was paralysed by a city-wide strike in Petrograd
How did the government respond to the strikes?
There was a great deal of confusion and very little direction from the top
What were the protestors unhappy about?
Shortages of food
The miseries brought by war
General political unrest
Where was the Tsar during the protests?
At his military headquarters at Mogilev, 400 miles from Petrograd
He relied on Alexandra’s letters for news updates
What did Nicholas order when he heard about the disturbances?
General Khabalov to restore order but the situation was uncontrollable
What had Khabalov earlier asked for?
For the government to declare martial law in Petrograd
What was martial law?
The power to use unlimited force against demonstrators
What did the troops of the Petrograd garrison do?
By the 26th February, 150000 of them had deserted
During the breakdown of order, what did Rodzianko do?
Informed the Tsar only a major concession on the government’s behalf would restore order
In response to Rodzianko’s comment on his situation, how did the Tsar respond to the duma?
He ordered it to dissolve
How did the duma respond when asked to dissolve in 1917?
12 members disobeyed and formed a “provisional committee”
What followed the formation of the Provisional Committee?
Alexander Kerensky called for the Tsar to stand down as head of state
When was the formation of the Petrograd Soviet?
27th February 1917
Who was involved in the Petrograd Soviet?
Soldiers
Sailors
Workers
Who was the moving force behind the setting up of the Petrograd Soviet?
The Mensheviks
What was the Provisional Committee?
A body representing the reformist elements of the old duma and the Soviet, speaking for the striking workers and rebellious troops
Who was “dual authority” between?
The balance of power between the PG and the PS
What did the Soviet declare it wanted to do?
“Wipe out the old system completely”
Summon a constituent assembly, elected by universal suffrage
What was universal suffrage?
An electoral system in which all adults have the right to vote
When did Nicholas decide to return to Petrograd? What did he think would happen?
28th February
His presence would have a calming effect on the capital
What happened on the tsar’s journey back to Petrograd?
The train was intercepted by mutinous troops, who forced it to divert to Pskov, a depot 100 miles from Petrograd
What happened in Pskov?
A group of generals warned the Tsar of the situation in Petrograd and advised he abdicated
When did the Tsar officially abdicate?
March 2nd
What did the Provisional Committee rename itself?
The Provisional Government
Who was responsible for governing Russia following the tsar’s abdication?
The PG
When was the world informed revolution had occurred?
3rd March
What was the Bolsheviks role in the revolution?
They were absent
Where was Lenin during the 1917 revolution?
In exile to Switzerland and had not been in Russia for over a decade
How many people died in the 1917 revolution?
Between 1500 and 2000
