The 1905 Revolution And Its Aftermath (2) Flashcards
What sparked the 1905 revolution?
Bloody Sunday
When was Bloody Sunday?
22nd January 1905
When was the Potemkin mutiny?
June 1905
When were the fundamental laws issued?
1906
When was the first duma?
1906
When were Stolypin’s years as Chief Minister?
1906-11
When was the second duma?
1907
When was the third duma?
1907-12
When did Stolypin die? How?
1911
Assassinated
When was the Lena Goldfields incident?
1912
When was the fourth duma?
1912-14
When did Germany enter war with Russia?
1914
Which 3 groups were involved in the 1905 revolution?
The industrial workers
The peasantry
The reformist middle class
What led to the 1905 revolution?
Ill -judged policies
Who led the peaceful march of workers and their families on Bloody Sunday?
Father Georgi Gapon, an orthodox priest
What was the intention of Bloody Sunday?
To present a petition to the Tsar, begging him to use his royal petition and authority to relieve the desperate conditions
What actually happened on the Bloody Sunday march?
The marchers were fired on and charged by cavalry
How many died during the march?
Around 200, with hundreds more injured
How was Bloody Sunday used by opponents of the Tsar?
Deliberate massacre of unarmed petitioners
What did Bloody Sunday damage?
The image of the Tsar being seen as the “Little Father” of the Russian people
What did Gapon cry during the chaos?
“There is no God any longer. There is no Tsar.”
What followed after Bloody Sunday?
Strikes in all major cities and towns
Public buildings were attacked
Large private estates were seized by the peasants
What motived the peasants to rebel against the Tsar?
Fear that the government was about to repossess the homes of families who had failed to pay off mortgages
What did the non-Russian minorities do during the unrest?
Georgia declared itself an independent state
The Poles demanded autonomy
Jews pressed for equal rights
Who formed the Union of Unions?
The Kadets, led by Milyukov
When was the Union of Unions formed?
May 1905
What was the Union of Unions?
Aims to organise a broad-based alliance of peasants and factory workers
Where and who was involved in the Potemkin mutiny?
The crew of Battleship Potemkin of the Black Sea Naval Squadron
Why did the sailors mutiny?
They were having to eat rotting food and drink foul water, including borsch and maggot-infested meat
What caused the soldiers to mutiny?
The allows elected a representative, Vakulenchuk, to approach the captain with their complaints
He was shot
So the crew attacked the officers, killed several men and took over the ship
Why did the mutiny fail?
Other ships in the squadron did not join in and their captains managed to maintain control
Where did the crew of Battleship Potemkin look for support?
On the land, so they sailed to the port of Odessa
Why did the crew sail to Odessa?
It was where an anti-government strike was taking place
How were the crews treated at Odessa?
Like heroes, and the body of Vakulenchuk was formally honoured and dressed with flowers
What was the result of the people of Odessa supporting the crew?
It was a defiant gesture of solidarity
Enraged the authorities
What did the government do because of the mutiny?
Troops were ordered to disperse the crowds
They trampled the people in front of them and drove hundreds into the sea
How many people died over the mutiny?
Thousands of civilians
What did the mutiny mean for the authorities?
It was very troubling for them, as they could no longer rely on their armed services
How did Nicholas II feel about Witte?
He didn’t like him and found his reformist views far too progressive
When was the St Petersburg Soviet formed?
October 1905
When was the Moscow Soviet formed?
November 1905
Who formed the Soviets?
Workers
What was a Soviet?
An organisation to represent the workers’ demands for better conditions
How were the Soviets used by Revolutionaries?
They had potential to become a base for political agitation
How did Trotsky use the idea of Soviets being based for Revolutionary ideas?
He was a leading Menshevik at this time and became chairman of the St Petersburg Soviet and organised several strikes in the capital
Who drafted the October Manifesto? Who released it?
Witte
Nicholas II
What four things were stated in the October Manifesto?
- The creation of a legislative duma
- Freedom of speech, assembly and worship
- The legalising of trade unions
What was a legislative duma?
A parliament with law-making powers
How did people feel about the OM?
The liberals were appeased
What followed the OM that pacified the peasants?
An announcement in November saying mortgage repayments were to be reduced and then abolished altogether
What did the compromise with the peasants mean?
There was a drop in land seizures and a decline in the general lawlessness
Who played a very small part in the 1905 revolution?
The Revolutionaries
Which SD did make an impact on the cause of events?
Trotsky
What was Stolypin’s guiding principle?
“Suppression first and then, and only then, reform”
What was Stolypin concerned with?
Agriculture
What was Stolypin’s idea of de-revolutionising the peasantry?
The peasants felt very insecure due to having heavy mortgage repayments
They feared the government would seize their land so joined Revolutionary groups
The debts were cancelled to relieve their troubles
What was Stolypin’s idea of “wager on the strong?”
The inefficient strip system in fields was to be replaced by fenced fields
A “Land Bank” was established to fund the independent peasant buying his land
What was the purpose of Wager on the Strong?
To create a layer of prosperous, productive peasants whose new wealth would turn them into supporters of the Tsarist system
What does conservative mean?
Suspicious of change, and, therefore, resistant to it
5 stages of the Russian economy following Witte
- End of the great spurt
- Recession
- Population explosion in cities
- Unemployment and overcrowding
- Worker unrest
When was the first duma?
April-June 1906
Why was the first duma unsuccessful?
It had little influence due to the Fundamental Laws
The duma was bi-cameral
What does bi-cameral mean?
- one chamber would be an elected lower house
* the other would be a state council, with members appointed by the Tsar
What was the Vyborg appeal?
200 Kadet and Labourist deputies met at Vyborg in Finland where they drew up an “Appeal” urging the people of Russia to defy the government
What was the Vyborg appeal a result of?
The first duma being dissolved
What were the Russian people urged to do in the Vyborg appeal?
Refuse to pay taxes
Disobey conscription orders
What did the Vyborg appeal cause?
Scattered violence which gave the government an excuse to retaliate
How did the government retaliate to the Vyborg appeal?
Stolypin was appointed as Chief Minister and the Vyborg group of deputies was arrested and barred from being re-elected into a future duma
What was “Stolypin’s necktie?”
The result of Martial law being proclaimed and used to quell disturbances.
Between 1906 and 1911 there was over 2500 executions, causing the hangman’s noose to be nicknamed in black humour “Stolypin’s necktie”
What does Martial Law mean?
The placing of the whole population under direct military authority
When was the second Duma?
February-June 1907
What was the result for the Vyborg appeal for the Kadets?
They lost half of their seats
What was the mood of the second duma?
It was hostile to the government
Who was willing to work the with second duma? Why?
Stolypin
To introduce essential reforms
Why was the second duma dissolved?
The duma directed a strong attack on the way the army was organised and deployed
When was the third duma?
November 1907 - June 1912
Why was the Tsar keen to keep a duma?
Keep to portray an image of Russia as a democratic nation
How did Stolypin find the third duma?
More cooperative so he could pursue his land reforms without opposition
When was the fourth duma?
November 1912 - August 1914
Who dominated the fourth duma?
Right-wing parties
What did the fourth duma achieve?
Social reform work continued, but it was prepared to criticise the government
When was the Lena Goldfields Incident?
1912
Where was the Lena Goldfields?
Siberia
What happened at Lena Goldfields?
The miners demanded better pay and conditions and were resisted by employers, who appealed to the police for them to arrest the strike leaders
What happened when the police moved into Lena?
The strikers closed ranks and the situation rapidly worsened
How did the situation at Lena end?
Troops fired on and killed a large number of miners
How did they identify the leaders of the strike at Lena?
The Okhrana appeared to have acted as agents provocateurs
What are agents provocateurs?
Government agents who infiltrate opposition movements with the deliberate aim of stirring up trouble so as to expose the ring leaders
Who was the Kadet leader at the time of Lena Goldfields?
Alexander Guchkov
What did Guchkov say about the tsar’s government following Lena Goldfields?
He warned the blindness of the government was daily driving the people closer to revolution
